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Islamic State, as the name suggest, is going to be perceived and treated not as a mere terrorist organization, but rather as a caliphate, Islamic state. In the last decades many violent non-state actors have propagated the idea of caliphate but none of them have never accomplished the idea. Islamic State can be treated as the first organization, which declare and what is more important create state structures, responsible for administrating conquered territory. To some extent Islamic State fulfills thecriteria for statehood listed in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 1933. But the basic question is whether it can be recognized as a state in the light of international law?
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Patients' rights are the leading element of the debate concerning to the protection of human health. They refer to the special relationship that exists between a sick person and a medical expert. The patient, during his visits to the doctor / nurse, talks often about specific, intimate problems. This situation causes that patient is on a much weaker position than the doctor.The emergence of the idea of patients' rights was intended to improve the situation in which people are treated. It's mostly about people whose goods were often violated during of therapy. For some time -also in Poland- we observe the emergence of offices, which aims to protect patients' rights and control of the reported infringements. As it turns out, full independence in undertaking similar actions, have mostly NGOs. In that group for special attention deserve centers known as, think tanks. These centers take the constant analysis of the situation regarding: security, educational problems and health problems. In the proposed article, will be shown the action of two similar centers, that have a particular impact on the level of debate on the protection of the rights of people using the health care system services.
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Turkish immigrants and their descendants have become the main target of anti-immigrant political mobilization in Austria since the 1990s. They have come to epitomize the image of the Oriental enemy and the Muslim other. Based on these discursive constructions, Muslims in general, and Turks in particular, have often been described as unwilling to integrate into Austrian society. The articles in this special issue show not only that these discourses and exclusionary attitudes may result in discriminatory practices towards Turkish immigrants and their descendants in Austria, but also that the alleged unwillingness to integrate may be explained by the lack of effort made by the Austrian government and Austrian institutions to integrate this group.
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The present study is about the impact of Sufi literature onthe emergence ofthe emancipated Media in Iran. Literature was the most powerful media, when there was not television, radio and internet. As, media is an important tool for maintaining the legitimation of regimes, rulers were trying to make a powerful control on poetry and poets. Economic conditions, publishing and distribution situation and the other limitations were the reason of poets’ dependence on the rulers. The emergence ofSufiliteraturewas asthe balance ofpower inmedia. Sufi poets were so powerful, so they did not have to obey the rulers. Sanaee was the first raised Sufi poet that freed poetry from ruler’s control and balanced the power of Media.
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Katyn crime, also known as the Katyn massacre, was one of those historical factsthat were kept secret for a very long time. From 1943 when it was revealed to 1990the soviet Union denied their responsibility for the massacre. Eventually, publishingthe original documents on the order of Borys Jecyn and handing themdown to Poland on 14 October 1992 definitely confirmed the perpetrators of thecrime. In the historic consciousness of both Polish and Russian societies there arestill many questions and doubts about “the background of the picture” of Katyncrime. Therefore I found it very sensible to analyze the problem of Katyn crime invarious history course books in Poland and Russia.After the collapse of the communist political system both countries Polandand Russia introduced new history course books in all types of schools. The newcourse books not only mention the problem of Katyn crime but also say who wasresponsible for it. However, the Russians try to neutralize the crime by so calledanti-Katyn, emphasizing the death of several thousands of Soviet soldiers imprisonedin Poland in the war of 1920 and after it.
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The naturalization principle plays a major role in the institutional development of the Romanian Kingdom. Any approach to the history of the ethnic minorities of this state must start from the claim that, far from being ignored by historians, Romanian scholarship treated this issue as a marginal topic until very recently. The concepts of citizenship and national identity in the Romanian Kingdom are far more challenging. They cannot be limited to the interpretation of the Romanian legislation drawn up in the second half of the 19th century, to the Jews’ status in Romanian Kingdom and that of the population in Dobrudja after this province had been annexed by the Romanian state. A prosopographical study of the applicant for Romanian citizenship turns out to be indispensable on the background of scarce information provided by statistics. Regrettably, such a study remains a real challenge for Romanian historians.
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Article is about Armenian history in 20th century. Author concentrate on main subject: Armenian Genocide between 1915 and 1920 in Turkey; Armenians trouble in USSR; Armenian minority in Lebanon, France, USA, Poland and Turkey; Armenian Independence.
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The share of national and ethnic minorities in political elections is one of the indicators of integration and a sense of equality in the society. The fundamental issue is therefore the answer to the question whether and to what extent ethnicity is manifested by representatives of minorities in the local elections in 2014.
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Representatives of the Vietnamese minority for the first time in its history in Poland took part in the local elections in 2014. This event is another element in the process of integration and equality of minorities in the country of residence. In the present text, I take issues related to the functioning of minority candidates Vietnam’s image in the media, along with the characteristics of the factors affecting its shape during the election campaign.
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The aim of this text was to compare policy of Central European towards national and ethnic minorities over the period of fifteen years (1989–2004). Besides Poland, Czechoslovakia (since 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia) and Hungary are countries of quite different ethnic and national structure. Poland is a unique country due to its’ almost mono-ethnic population when comparing to Czech, Slovakia and Hungary, countries with a large Romani and in case of Slovakia also Hungarian minority. The period of communism 1945–1989 in all fields of political, social and economic life was under the dictate of Soviet Union. This applied to minorities issues as well. The changes which started in 1989 was a freely chosen way of political elites and societies of Czech, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Although the membership criteria of the EU (so-called Copenhagen Criteria) consisted inter alia of a criterion in favour of respecting the rights of national, ethnic and language minorities. It was a kind of “double standards” by the EU. The text analyses the impact of EU and other international actors on policies of Prague, Bratislava, Budapest and Warsaw in the field of national minorities rights during the accession preparations. It was significantly reduced after the full membership of Czech, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia after the 1st of May 2004.
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This article is an attempt to analyse and interpret the position of the representatives of the Austrian School towards the political activity of politicians associated with the US Republican Party in the second half of the 19th century. This article proves that in the opinion of the representatives of the one of the most radical and uncompromising social and economic science school the US Republican Party was a political group which supported centralisation of power, mercantilism, subsidies for big business and realisation of the model of state which would be compatible with their religious beliefs. The author shows that the Republican president Abraham Lincoln was critically perceived by adherents of the Austrian School, who accused him of limiting liberties, especially in the economic aspect.
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The European integration processes have had over the years many shapes, faces and, masks. European politicians noticed, as late as at the turn of 70s and 80s of 20th century that culture can significantly influence the social life, economy, as well as international relations. At that time, however, they did not formulate any proposals of specific activity which could have lifted culture to supranational position, and the culture remained in the realm of national policies. In the early 80s, Ministers of Culture of the European countries, dissatisfied with cultural policy of the European Community, or rather lack of it, informally established intergovernmental Council of the Ministers. The council was announcing resolutions and recommendations for the European Commission, European Parliament, and European Council. The objective of this paper is analysis of the pioneering role of Ministers of Culture in integration processes at culture level. The research reveals that the intellectual and political work and influence of Ministers played a pivotal role in formulating the first paradigm of the Community’s cultural policy. They were also instrumental in creating first programmes directed to culture and cultural operators in Europe.
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The main object of this paper was an analysis of the causes and effects of the disintegration of urban-rural conglomerates ( urban communes with a dual, urban and rural spatial character ). In the years 2008 – 2016 four urban communes changed their status into urban-rural ( Szczawnica in 2008, Czarna Woda in 2014, Władysławowo in 2015 and Pieszyce in 2016 ), which involved a secession of 15 rural administrative units. In the justifications of the Council of Ministers regulations financial benefits and functional, structural-spatial and social factors were indicated as the reasons for, that the changes in the status of communes. In the nearest years secession tendencies are most probable in the case of towns divided into rural administrative units and towns containing separate settlements of a rural character ( former villages ). Secession of rural administrative units in the case of urban communes can be formally conducted in three ways : changing the commune status from urban to urban-rural, dividing the urban commune into two communes ( urban and rural ) and through the incorporation of rural administrative units functioning in city borders into existing rural communes.
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Contemporary university is faced with radical shift in its basic paradigm. This shift is embedded in neoliberal discourse pervading all levels of social life. Discussion about university goals, sharpened by last reform, show peculiar tension between perceiving knowledge as commonwealth and as stock. This reform transform university into the position where division between public and privet, and between knowledge as commonwealth and as stock increasingly sliding. Importing thing is this conflict is always presented in its surrogate, such as „young” and „old” antagonism or more general opposition between „modern free market” and „state backwardness”. The aim of this text is to look at changing model of contemporary university from critical anthropology point of view. This allow us to show basic principles of common-private conflict at university, but also capacity of critical orientated anthropological approach for understand consequences of where this social process led to.
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This paper touches the phenomenon of "burned generation " in Iran that due to return to the path of Islam after 2005 during the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad lost hope for pro-democratic changes in the daily lives of citizens, loosening the shackles of the regime of the church, the improvement of economic situation in the country and Iran's economic walking out of isolation zone in the international arena in contrary to the years of perspectives and hopes of Rafsanjani's and Khatami's governance
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The article presents a research on development features of professional and pedagogical culture in the process of volunteering activities of future specialists in socionomic sphere. Social problems escalation and absence of the system providing service to the most vulnerable sections of the population caused the appearance of the voluntary movement. The participation of young people in volunteer work gives them the opportunity to make personal contribution to the solution of social problems, to test their capabilities by taking part in projects and social programs. The level of professional pedagogical culture of future specialists of socionomical professions is determined with forming professional and personal qualities. After all, professional pedagogical culture, as a synthesis of the competences and professional qualities, is an important indicator of a highly qualified specialist
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