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The historical beginnings of the Hungarian local government system are rooted in the patrician castle counties and free royal towns of the Middle Ages. Although these local administrative units meant much more than the concept of local governments in the modern understanding of the concept. The unbroken and uncompromising county autonomy suddenly was challenged by the bourgeois state, and this clash caused the need to reform the whole system of local administration. In my short study, I wish to demonstrate this process through the deconstruction of the administrative system of the counties, taking extra care on the unique relationship between the government and the municipality.
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The first modern Hungarian Criminal Code (Code of Csemegi, Act 5 of 1878) regulated religious conditions from several aspects. The religious denominations “recognised by the state” such as the Catholic, Calvinist, Lutheran, Unitarian and the not united Orthodox Churches enjoyed protection by law meaning that several felonies and misdemeanours harming the religion became enacted in the above mentioned Code. Beside these religions also the Israelite denomination was listed among the “recognised religions” both in legal literature and judicial practice but not in the Code. The statutory definitions of revolt and agitation covered a wider circle of injured parties: the term “denomination of faith” was interpreted in the court practice so, that all denominations enjoy the same protection of law – as sight of equality before the law regardless of religion. The study aims to examine the frequency and actual social significance of the felonies and misdemeanours against religion on the basis of the materials of the criminal cases initiated at the Royal Tribunal of Pécs during the two decades following the entry into force of the Code of Csemegi. The study searches answer to the question whether the judicial practice differed from the will of the legislator and if yes, why happened it so.
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When it comes to the current Europeanisation of private law, it is little surprise that those, who – referring to Savigny – stress the necessity of an organic legal development, refer to the learned ius commune as historical role model, which had once been pushed back inter alia by the un-beloved codification movement. This essay provides an alternative view on the relationship between the ius commune and current developments in European private law by accentuating the fundamental structural differences between both concepts. It claims that a ‘sceptical’ historical approach might be more useful for the future of Europe than the myth of a ‘paradise lost’.
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The Polish people living in Lithuanian and Belarusian lands had ambivalent feelings about the breakout of World War I in August 1914. The war instilled fear and anxiety, but it also aroused hopes and expectations. Many people were well aware of the cruelty that military activities involved, yet he believed that the Polish nation would politically benefit from the conflict rather than fall its economic prey. Nationalist periodicals demanded all the people who could contribute to the common good to stay in the country and fulfill their civic duty. A large number of representatives of the National Democratic, propounded to all the people in the lands of former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, regardless of their nationality, education or creed, joining their forces and demonstrating solidarity. Claimed that only real danger can motivate a nation to display the moral value of an individual and society as a whole.
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On December 2nd 1848 Austrian emperor Ferdinand I. abdicated. He was followed by his nephew Francis Joseph. This article publishes the relevant document and analyzes them from a legal point of view.
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The paper focuses on the analysis of Code No. 101/1963 Col., Code of International Trade, as amended (hereinafter referred to also as “the Code”). The main aim of the present article is to underline objective and nature of present Code and to show the historical background. An analysis of particular legal provisions and structure of the Code will be an integral part of the article with an accent to the modern elements of the Code. It became an inspiration even for the current Commercial Code and for the parts of the big set of amendments of Civil Code after the year 1989. Often, it is also stressed that only thanks to this Code of International Commerce one can follow an uninterrupted development of commercial law on Czech territory during the second half of the twentieth century, in spite of complete deformation of commercial legal obligations. The Code actually preserved in itself certain purely private law principles that the Code of Business did not contain.
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The authors of the Commercial Code of France of 1807 (Code de commerce) included rules from the field of the maritime law in the act as its book II (Of Maritime Commerce). As a result, the maritime law began to be viewed as a component of the commercial law, acquiring the doctrinal name of the maritime commercial law (droit commercial maritime). The strong influence which Code de commerce and its systematics exerted all over the world made a lot of countries treat the civil standards of the maritime law as part of the commercial law. This idea was not, however, commonly adopted, an example of which is the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. But even in the countries where the maritime law was included in the regulations from within the commercial law, criticism of the representatives of the doctrine appeared. In consequence, the view on the maritime law as a separate whole began to emerge more and more, and the commercial maritime law stopped being an object of interest for the reformers of the commercial law. Nouveau Code de commerce of 2000 maintained this approach, too.
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Present Paper analyzes national development, roots and early history of freedom of press as a civil right in 19th Century in light of the relevant laws and decrees. We should keep in mind that in Hungary citizenship was not ruled at the same level at time of declaring freedom of press by the law. So, this Paper seeks to demonstrate the legal regulation of freedom of press until the first law that made it clear who would be subjects of this right.
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Kaizen, Japanese philosophy of thinking and action is the most essential concept of Japanese management and a key to competitive success. It lets understand differences between a Japanese and west approach towards management. It was used for the first time in Toyota Company. The aim of the article is to present features of innovation and Kaizen, as well as a concept of lean management applied in organizations in order to eliminate losses.
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City logistics and mass sporting events logistics are modern concepts using good practices to achieve established aims. Both issues are connected by the set of common features, which allow using the best practices modifying the processes of city management or mass event management. The aim of this article is to analyze city logistics from the angle of best practices possibilities – solutions applied by the organization of mass sporting events. The object of the study represents a system of city logistics and logistics system of sporting events, while used research methods were: the analyzes of literature, critical analysis of documents prepared by companies responsibilities for the preparation of events and own observations. Common points and examples of good practices of city logistics presented in table 1 and 2 confirm a hypothesis about a correlation between concepts. Using solutions which are commonly innovative in city management can significantly contribute to the facilitation of goods, persons and information flows and to decrease the negative impact of human activity on natural environmet.
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The content of this article refers to the determination of the relationship between knowledge management and the competitiveness of the city. To this end, the author described the concept of knowledge, discussed its importance and closer knowledge management process. Then, the article discusses issues related to the management of local development and the city, and also explains the concepts of usable value of the city, the products of the city, and the competitiveness of the city. In order to manage knowledge, the city, and also to raise the competitiveness of the city, models of knowledge management in the areas of usable value of the city, products of the city, and indicated engagement model were built. The author also singled out the most important usable values of the city, which should be used for knowledge management: social, residential, institutional, economic, touristic, logistics, spatial and ecological. The article also indicated tool for managing the city: knowledge management, human capital management, financial management and project based on procedures that may contribute to the formation of the products of the city and effectively raise the level of competitiveness of the city, C-Competitiveness.
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Generation Y is the sociological category which includes people born in 1980- -1995. As employees, they have both advantages and disadvantages. The common myth is that they are not loyal to employers. Is it really so? How often and for what reason they want to change the job? How unwanted fluctuation of the young staff can be reduced? Answers to these questions are sought in this article. It presents some results of the research project “Employment and career development of people from Generation Y: problems and challenges from the perspective of personnel policy”, which was realized in cooperation with the Capital Group Kruk within Wrocław program “Mozart − partnership of science and business.”
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Research on job satisfaction has attracted significant attention of both theoreticians and practitioners of psychology and management. The basic challenge related to carrying on job satisfaction research is a choice of appropriate questionnaire. In the paper we analyze one of the most popular tools helping to assess the level of job satisfaction – Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). On the basis of the research carried out among 75 employees of chosen hospital we verify two resarch hypotheses related to the dimensions of job satisfaction and their relationship with declared, general level of job satisfaction. Research results reveal 5 factors of studied construct, and regression analysis partly supports hypothesis describing relationship between dimensions of job satisfaction and declared, general level of job satisfaction.
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One of criteria for differentiating small-sized enterprises is the fact of belonging or not to a business group. It seems to be quite important for research in this size businesses. The paper presents the results of the study on the implementation of a strategy and the strategy formulation process in small-sized enterprises. The results showed quite significant differences depending on whether or not the enterprises were subsidiaries of a business group. These differences may become a starting point for a discussion on the importance of this feature in management science.
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The purpose of this article is to present a concept of the innovation process maturity that describes actions leading to the implementation of the business process orientation in innovation management, while taking into account efficiency improvement of innovation process. It was assumed that organization can be in different phase of implementation of business process orientation (BPO). That is why presented concept was based on the following foundations: usability, providing the possibility of widespread use in business practice and a high level of precision to clarify various determinants of the innovation process maturity. The proposed concept consists of four actions performed in continuous cycles. Those actions are a basis to distinguish the following maturity levels: lack of maturity, moderate, formed and full maturity of the innovation process. Each of the achieved levels of maturity of the innovation process is characterized by different productivity, which determines the efficiency of the innovation system of the organization.
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The article describes theoretical aspects of project time management, according to actual project management standards, developed by Project Management Institute. Activity duration estimating techniques were presented, including their advantages and disadvantages, conditions of use, known limitations and costs of implementation. Analyzed estimating techniques were classified as soft, hard and supporting by increasing demand of information. Access to the information was the main criterion of technique selection because of minimizing the estimating error possibility.
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In the present article the author attempts to identify factors influencing motivation and job satisfaction among employees of local government. The author presents the results of his empirical research in this field and sets a hierarchy of influence of selected motivational factors in local government offices.
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The authors investigate specific features and stages through which the “image of the Soviet child” construct was shaped. By analyzing three 1946-1948 Primers they demonstrate the emergence of the social iconography of children’s images, and show how different ideologically-charged constructs were selected. Research is based on the historical and cultural methodology founded on recording a wide range of semantic visual and verbalized meanings. By elucidating the principal block of meanings, one can arrive at when and how the ”image of the Soviet child” was coded and re-coded. The authors define three such blocks: existential, culture-producing, ideological and political. The tenet of the article is that each of these blocks would be foregrounded depending both on the overall ideological situation and on the socioeconomic tasks of a particular post-war year.
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