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The paper has two sections of crucial significance for the recent history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first analyzes the period beginning with the end of World War II, when Bosnia and Herzegovina emerged within the National Liberation Movement as a historical political subject. This period, marked by a socialist order and general, primarily material and economic progress, lasted until the beginning of the last decade of the twentieth century, when SFRY vanished from the political scene as the Communist social system collapsed in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. The new period was characterized by war in the countries of former Yugoslavia, in which Bosnia and Herzegovina was subjected to Greater Serbian aggression, genocide and ethnic cleansing of the Muslims and Croats, in which the ideology and policies of Greater Croatian aspirations were also expressed in deeds. The war that broke out in 1992 was brought to an end by US dictate with the Dayton Accord, initialled on 21 November 1995. Historical studies still lack the essential original, authentic documents with which to construct a reliable, solidly grounded and objective assessment of this period, which is extending into the twenty-first century with still unresolved questions concerning the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Paul Ricoeur addresses the two meanings of the meta-category of alterity: our own body, or the flesh, and the otherness of the other self. He accords great credit to Husserl for his analysis of the first face of passivity-alterity, despite the a priori constraints on his achievement set by transcendental phenomenology. With this thinker, we find the outline of a highly promising ontology of the flesh, and which explicitly incorporates hermeneutic phenomenology into the ontology of alterity. However, an ontology of this kind – which would equally take account of the inner connectedness of the self with embodiment and its openness to the world – can no longer be constituted as a phenomenology, as a philosophy of consciousness or representation, as shown by the great heritage of reflections dedicated to the body, from Maine de Biran to Heidegger. Just as the first dimension of alterity is opened by Husserl’s differentiation between Leib and Körper, so this second dimension is based on the difference between the ego, which poses itself, and the self, which knows and recognizes itself only through the affections with which it is struck by the Other. This specific passivity of the self is most consistently and radically expressed by E. Lavinas. However, his work contests the identity of the Same, making it the polar opposite of the otherness of the Other. The ineradicable distance from the Other is the expression of the acceptance of a certain philosophy of totality that cannot accept the new dialectic of the Same and the Other in which the Other would not merely be the opposing side of the Same but would belong to the inner constitution of its meaning. The postulate for this dialectic or dialogic is the internalization of the difference between two kinds of identity, identity ipse and identity idem, which Levinas’ thought is unable to do.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina possesses considerable underused development potential, including marked natural and historical advantages in certain sectors and branches of the economy, particularly agricultural production. These could be highly attractive for loans by both domestic and foreign creditors with available funds. Increased capital investment in the BiH economy would accelerate its revival and expansion, which would also be in the interests of the economies of other countries both in Europe and beyond. Economic prosperity in BiH would increase employment, encourage and accelerate the return of refugees, and halt the further brain drain of the young and qualified. This would reinforce the subjective factor of progress, accelerate socio-economic transition, and enhance productivity, general welfare and the standard of living. Within economic policy, the monetary and credit component has a major stimulative role, provided it is adequately regulated. A more rapid growth in money supply from simultaneous growth in domestic product would contribute to stable development in BiH. At the same time, however, it would have to be promptly compensated for by increased supply of new securities. This would require the additional volume of money and credit supply to be explicitly directed to the production of goods and services for which there is insufficient market demand, which in turn would require greater and better planned activity on the part of commercial banks, with the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina having a regulatory function.
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The Primacy of Perception and its Philosophical Consequences is an address given by Merleau-Ponty to the Société française de philosophie following the publication of his major work, The Phenomenology of Perception. The major goal of the book is presented as an attempt to define a method of getting closer to reality as we live and experience it at the level of perception. This reality is a privileged realm of experience – to which only a phenomenology can give us access – because it is there that the world constantly originates. The “primacy of perception” formulates a central thesis of the book. What is meant by the phrase is that the experience of perception is our presence at the moment when things, truths, values are constituted for us. It is a challenging thesis suggested by the insight that all consciousness is perceptual, even the consciousness of ourselves. Phenomenology thus becomes the phenomenology of perception.
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In the world of nation-states, it is nomination rather than sociological content that designates the political status, rights and obligations of the group. A group’s position within the nation-state system, and the legitimacy of its political claims, essentially depend on whether it is denoted as a nation or as an ethnic group: the right to its own state is regarded as legitimate if claimed by sociological entities labelled as “nations,” but illegitimate if claimed by those labelled as “ethnic groups.” There are, however, no objective sociological criteria for distinguishing between “nations” and “ethnic groups;” the very same group – or, indeed, any other sociological entity – can acquire nationhood by claiming the right to possess its own state, provided that this claim is recognized by other members of the nation-state system. Thus, paradoxically and self-referentially, nomination depends on recognition and recognition depends on nomination: successful lobbying for recognition is what legitimizes claims to nationhood and brings about the nomination of a group as a nation. In the case of Bosnia, the very nomination of portions of its population in terms of nationhood in effect prompted them to claim their own nation-states and opt to partition the country, while at the same time promoting its incompatibility with the system of nation-states. The consequences are all too obvious.
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A review of two opera performances created as part of Project "P" at the Wielki Theater – National Opera: Triumph over the Sun and Solaris, both directed by Krzysztof Garbaczewski (premiere: 26.04.2014). The former is variations on the theme of the Futurist opera of 1913 with scenography and costumes designed by Kazimir Malevich. The second part of the series, focused on the progeric painter Leon Botha, uses the artist's illness as a metaphor for the contemporary world of hyperactive and intensified experience. While the author of the review appreciates the allusions to avant-garde artists and the attempts to inscribe the revolutionary potential of modernism into postmodern ideas, he believes that, contrary to Garbaczewski's intentions, the play is too elitist and hermetic.
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A review of W.B. Worthen's book Drama: Between Poetry and Performance (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford 2010). Agata Dąbek contextualizes the book in the discussion on the role of the dramatic text in contemporary Polish theater. "Worthen proposes a reading of texts for theater that allows us to step outside the frame of the present discussion on dramaturgy, questioning its very foundations." The author raises doubts concerning the dichotomic relationship between literature and theater, while "exposing the dialectical tension between the literary identity and the performative text for the theater suggests an interesting way of combining the two aspects."
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