The Good Fowler as a World Conqueror

Author(s): Ágnes Drosztmér / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A central figure in the sixteenth century, both on the world stage and in the Ottoman campaigns against Hungary, Suleyman the Magnificent was the subject of various artistic and literary works throughout the Ottoman Empire and various parts of Europe as well. Ottoman conquests reached their peak under his reign, and on the global scene, he competed with European emperors in making new territorial claims as the known world expanded. These processes and his personal role in them were presented in Ottoman historiography in consciously created, uniform depictions and were reflected in all possible media. These images, with some alterations,found their way into European works about the sultan as well, and meanwhile,diverse depictions of him appeared in European historiography and literature. In the course of the Ottoman Empire’s expansion in continental Europe and continuous campaigns, battles, and sieges across Hungary, the Hungarian Kingdom was divided into three parts.

Repercussions of a Murder

Author(s): Seda Erkoc / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Owing to the economic boom of the sixteenth century, the Mediterranean, and the Ottoman Empire in particular, occupied a central place in the consciousness of the English, who encountered Mediterranean civilization primarily through commerce. The English were interested in all aspects of the lives of people living in that world, far away and of uncertain geography. They were particularly eager to learn about the Ottomans, as the “Turke” was not just an exotic Other but also a commercial partner, as well as a threat encroaching more by the day. In the sixteenth century alone, more than 3,000 works dealing with the Ottomans were published in Europe that included official reports and records; private letters of diplomats and ambassadors; travel accounts of pilgrims, adventurers, and tradesmen; and even accounts of Christian slaves. Therefore it is not unusual that the news of Sehzade Mustafa’s death reached Europe first by way of rumor.

Equalizing Jesus’s, Jewish, and Croat Suffering—Post-Socialist Politics of History in Croatia

Author(s): Ljiljana Radonić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

World War II was the founding myth both for socialist Yugoslavia, based on the narrative of the supra-national partisan struggle, and for post-socialist Croatia, due to President Franjo Tuđman’s idea that both partisans and Ustasha had fought for the Croatian cause, albeit in different ways. How did this strong role of politics of history impact professional historiography and vice versa, what influence did the latter have? Does it make sense at all to speak of a Croatian historiography in socialist Yugoslavia—were there fields free of influence from socialist hegemonic narrative? This chapter argues that this is true for the conservative historiography before the 1960s, but also for the two currents that developed in this period: There was a growing tension between distinguished medieval studies and historians like Mirjana Gross, who established contacts with international experts, oriented themselves on new Western methodology, and promoted approaches of the Annales School on the one hand, and nationalist historians whose engagement seemed limited to verbal exchange about contemporary history with their Serbian counterparts on the other hand. This last current, represented by the later Croatian president Franjo Tuđman, became dominant after Croatia’s independence in 1991.

Wars of Memory in Post-Communist Romania

Author(s): Michael Shafir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As in many other former communist countries, a “competitive martyrdom” struggle erupted in Romania soon after the collapse of the former regime. By “competitive martyrdom” I understand the implicit or explicit attempt to exonerate the Romanian political community embodied by the state, or segments of that community, from either guilt or responsibility for having participated in World War II as a Nazi ally and from having perpetrated genocidal crimes against the Jews and the Roma. Coined by several scholars in the context of de¬bates around the extent, the limit or the desirability of emulating the alleged postwar denazification in Western Europe, competitive mar¬tyrdom is a complex issue, influenced not only by the immediate communist past and its treatment of the Holocaust in official history, but also, and above all, by socio-psychological factors linked to collective memory and to the social frameworks of the memory of specific groups within society. Furthermore, it entails also an international aspect, for the de-communizing polities strive to demonstrate their appurtenance to the democratic “international regime” and its values, but are obviously at pain when urged to confront collaboration.

Reflections on the Principles of the Critical Culture of Memory

Author(s): Todor Kuljić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The center stage of this chapter is a presentation of the basic elements of the hegemonic ethnocentric culture of memory in Serbia and broader region. In trying to present the process of normalized nationalism, victimization of one’s own nation, and the war of memories the author focuses on three related and closely inter-dependent principles of alternative, critical culture of memory: (1) demonumentalization of the past, (2) functional traumatization of the past, and (3) historical comparison of crimes. The lack of dealing with one’s own nationalism—as opposed to the other’s—is identified as the main problem in the region. Therefore, a distinction must be made between critical and blind patriotism. According to the latter, my nation is always right. It is its imperative to not only hate another nation but also the part of my own that does not hate others. Here, the hegemonic, heroic narratives, and symbolical structures center on the semantics of national sadness rather than on class misery or general human suffering. Every nationalism morphs imperceptibly through blind patriotism into chauvinism and fascism. Therefore, the position that my nation is always the victim should be replaced by the position that we are all victims. It is not the duty of critical history to erase one’s own national past but to critically forget its false glory.

The Struggle for Legitimacy

Author(s): Miroslav Michela / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Here the author discusses the rise of this polarization of contemporary Slovak historiography, which was institutionalized in the 1990s, and still remains in the academic debates, and also as one of the constitutive elements in the public representations of history. The efforts to enforce a certain canonical interpretation of the past are not just a matter of politics or professionals. Academics often give it legitimacy or even create it, and are a part of the institutional networks involved in the dissemination of knowledge and ideas. Shared representations of the past are not accidentally produced by social groups, but are a consequence of cultural meditation, primarily of textualization and visualization

Victims and Traditions

Author(s): Ferenc Laczó / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following chapter explores how the Holocaust of 1944 and the end of the communist revolutionary project in 1989 are constructed in terms of their contemporary relevance in Hungary to thereby discuss some key questions of historical explanation and narrative coherence in post-communist times. My focus will be on major trends, key disagreements, and recent changes in Holocaust remembrance and the meanings assigned to 1989. I shall conceive of Holocaust remembrance as intimately linked to the issue of historical responsibility whereas I shall treat the remembrance of 1989 as a crucial problem of historical orientation that also has a decisive political stake.

Instrumentalization of History in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Šaćir Filandra / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Post-Socialist Historiography Between Democratization and New Exclusivist Politics of History

Author(s): Oto Luthar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the following chapter, the author wants to show that the fear Andrić talked about can from time to time lull us into blindly believing those stories that know nothing about “perhaps” or “anticipation.” Or to put it more precisely, in discussing the straightforwardness of post-socialist revisionist historiography, he shows how hope in the uncensored interpretation of the past that accompanied the “end of communism” gave way to the fear of yet another strand of one-sided politics of history

Authors

Author(s): Oto Luthar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Bibliography

Author(s): Oto Luthar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Index

Author(s): Oto Luthar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

INTRODUCTION: What does Russia think?

Author(s): Ivan Yotov Krastev,Mark Leonard,Andrew Wilson / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

If we want to influence and deal with Russia, we need to understand it. But if we want to understand Russia, we should be interested in it. Unfortunately, we are not. The German political philosopher Carl Schmitt – who has become surprisingly popular in intellectual circles around the Kremlin – once noted that “victors feel no curiosity”. This is exactly what has happened to the European Union since the end of the Cold War. Gleb Pavlovsky, a political thinker with a novel-like biography, who is one of the Kremlin’s leading strategists, is right when he argues that the dominant discourse on Russia among Western liberals focuses on what Russia lacks – be it Western-style democracy, the rule of law or property rights. The tragedy of European foreign policy thinking is that we fell in love with our own paradigm. We are so convinced that what others want is to be like us that we are only really interested in whether, when and how they can be like us. For the moment, the Russian political elite does not dream of being like us nor does it want Russia to join the EU. But this does not mean that ideas mean nothing in Russian politics. On the contrary, after the de-ideologized 1990s, Russia is much more like it was in the 1980s, with a lot of intellectual energy unleashed by its quest for its own model.

THE “PUTIN CONSENSUS”

Author(s): Vyacheslav Glazychev,Modest Kolerov,Leonid Polyakov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The “Putin consensus” Explained (by Vyacheslav Glazychev, pp.9-14) The School of Consensus and the War of the Majority (by Modest Kolerov, pp. 15-20) An Ideological Self-Portrait of the Russian Regime (by Leonid Polyakov, pp. 21-24)

DILEMMAS OF RUSSIA’S MODERNIZATION

Author(s): Olga Kryshtanovskaya,Aleksey Chesnakov,Valery Fadeev,Vladislav Inozemtsev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Authoritarian Modernization of Russia in the 2000s (Olga Kryshtanovskaya, pp. 27-34) A Bit of Luck: The Development of the Political System in Russia (by Aleksey Chesnakov, pp. 35-40) Has the Economic Crisis Changed the World View of the Russian Political Class? (by Valery Fadeev, pp. 41-46) Dilemmas of Russia’s Modernization (by Vladislav Inozemtsev, pp. 47-51)

RUSSIA AND THE WORLD: MEDVEDEV’S “EUROPEAN SECURITY TREATY” PROPOSAL

Author(s): Fyodor Lukyanov,Timofei Bordachev,Boris Mezhuyev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Rethinking Security in “Greater Europe” (by Fyodor Lukyanov, pp. 55-60) Multipolarity, Anarchy and Security (by Timofey Bordachev, pp.61-66) The Medvedev Initiative: The Origins and Development of a Political Project (by Boris Mezhuyev, pp. 67-71)

Afterword: How the West Misunderstands Russia

Author(s): Gleb Pavlovsky / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Intellectual Property Rights and the Dynamics of Propertization, Nationalization, and Globalization in Modern Cultures and Economies

Author(s): Hannes Siegrist / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Property (in a generic sense) and intellectual property (an encompassing category for copyrights, patents and trademarks) are central elements of the institutional and constitutional order of modern cultures and societies. “Property” refers to a bundle of exclusive rights and entitlements which institutionalize (i.e., regulate) the usage, control and transfer of material and immaterial goods. Property rights define and institutionalize social relations between individuals, groups, organizations, and states in a particular mode, namely as property-based relations. They define and sanction a) the interaction between social actors and b) the relationship between a legal subject and a material or immaterial object. They institutionalize the cooperation, communication and competition among social actors such as entrepreneurs and workers, owners and nonowners, producers, mediators and users. They determine the allocation and usage of goods or assets such as land, buildings, technical equipment, financial capital, forms of expression and useful new technical knowledge. Thus, material and immaterial property rights belong to the broader category ofexclusive long-term rights, which are expected to stabilize social relations and hierarchies, to integrate societies and to regulate exchanges. The histories of material and immaterial property rights differ in some respects but are fundamentally connected and complementary. In the following chapter I will focus on the history of propertization (as well as de- and repropertization) in the spheres of information, cultural artifacts, symbols, forms of expression, and scientific and technical knowledge in the contexts of nationalization and globalization of cultural and economic relations. Propertization means that relationships between persons, organizations and objects are increasingly conceived and regulated as property-based relations. Because the meanings, functions and effects of intellectual property rights depend on the general social, cultural and institutional setting in which they are embedded, I will outline the history of intellectual property rights within the general history of culture, science, economy and politics. I will do this specifically by connecting the history of propertization with the histories of the nationalization and globalization of cultural relations. These three forms and strategies of institutionalization and organization are fundamental to an understanding of the dynamics of modern societies, economies and cultures. I will examine how these strategies have been combined at different times and in different places; and whether they hindered or consolidated one another. This will help us to explain, and subsequently understand, the history of the expansion of intellectual property rights.

The Influence of EU Copyright Harmonization Directives on the Construction of Postsocialist Copyright Law in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Adolf Dietz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the years following 1989, the former socialist countries of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (hereinafter called “the Eastern European countries”) underwent a remarkably rapid transition to democracy and market economy. As a consequence, they not only had to undertake the necessary political reforms, but they also had to introduce important reforms in many individual fields of law, in particular, the field of intellectual property law, including, of course, copyright law. Thus, a whole wave of new copyright laws came into being in these countries during the legislative prolificacy of the 1990s.

A New Concept in an Old Context

Author(s): Mišo Dokmanović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter will analyze the development of a legal framework for intellectual property in Macedonia in the 1990s, focusing on key factors and processes that have shaped Macedonian intellectual property legislation, and on developments regarding copyright and neighboring rights as well as industrial property.