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Count Miklós Bánffy (1873-1950), novelist and graphic artist, superintendent of the Hungarian National Theatre and the Hungarian State Opera, later foreign minister, was the last male descendant of his parentage, the wealthiest historic family of Transylvania. His world-famous Transylvanian Trilogy (Erdélyi történet) is associated with Lampedusa’s novel, Il Gattopardo. After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, Transylvania had been transferred to Romania, including Bánffy’s hometown and his estates. In summer of 1926, he stood aside from diplomacy and moved back to his castle in Bonchida, near Kolozsvár for good. He became a Romanian citizen and exerted a growing influence on the Hungarian art world and politics of Transylvania. Main stages of his work in literature and fine arts were founding the periodical Erdélyi Helikon and improving the publishing company Erdélyi Szépmíves Céh. In the meantime, he had an intense conflict with the conservative Magyar Party (Országos Magyar Párt). This study deals with the reasons and circumstances of Bánffy’s retiring, the political reflections about his reception in Hungary and in Romania and his first achievements.
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Looking back upon the last two and a half decades, the author surveys the statues erected in public spaces in Romania and the considerations which guided this practice in this country. He sharply criticizes those viewpoints which do not take aesthetic criteria into consideration. For Romanians and Hungarians alike, the most important criterion seems to be the struggle for the expression of their collective identity. However, the author also mentions positive examples, which are few in number in Romania.
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This paper is dedicated to indeterminate points in principles governing Polish punctuation. It indicates that new phenomena, which are not covered by the standard, have occurred in the Polish language. Moreover, it notices that the writing practice of educated language users is alarmingly often inconsistent, also where there should be none as the standard has been considered obvious with this respect to date. There are also issues that are described in principle in a prescriptive, yet too generalised, manner, which fails to allow for all questionable structures. The discussed problems are exemplified with authentic sentences containing controversial punctuation solutions accepted by language editors.
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This paper presents methods of describing and codifying Polish punctuation in the major grammars of the Polish language of the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. I am interested in connections of punctuation with spelling and with syntax, as well as the evolution of grammatical concepts and terms in textbooks and general purpose handbooks of those times (from Onufry Kopczyński to Antoni Krasnowolski and Stanisław Szober). I confront the old Polish theoretical and prescriptive tradition in this fi eld with newer (almost contemporary) publications, in particular with studies by Stanisław Jodłowski and Jan Tokarski.
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In this paper, the author shares her observations of and refl actionson teaching punctuation at all school levels. She puts forward a thesis that the condition of punctuation is becoming increasingly poorer among children and youth, that punctuation gradually vanishes from their statements. The author makes an attempt at answering the question about the causes of the decreasing punctuation skills of the young generation. She points to institutional factors (contents of the core curriculum and, in consequence, insuffi cient elaboration of the issues related to correct punctuation in textbooks), teaching factors (the concept of teaching is unclear, the work on correct punctuation of students’ statements is not individualised, the time for consolidating and repeating rules and using the acquired knowledge in practice is insuffi cient, the students’ motivation is weak), civilisation and cultural factors (the infl uence of the electronic writing culture on the language of the young generation). In the final part of the paper, the author formulates conclusions and postulates regarding teaching punctuation at all educational stages.
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Punctuation errors are common in Polish texts. The author of this paper provides numerous examples of this kind of errors from students’ written works in evidence. According to the data, the use of commas proved to be most difficult for the students. From the author’s point of view, the cause of problems with using punctuation is poor knowledge of the difference between spoken and written language. When you treat spoken language as a model for writing, you cannot avoid punctuation errors. The author believes that awareness about the specifi city of written language needs to change. Moreover, curricula must be modified with respect to teaching grammar and syntax should be learnt in connection with punctuation.
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This text analyses selected examples of punctuation shortcomings encountered in Polish statements (an official document, scientific and journalistic texts, a known idiom). The errors consist mainly in misusing commas (unjustified insertion after a phrase in a clause or omission from a subordinate clause). The author puts forward a thesis that the punctuation confusion in Polish texts results from insufficient familiarity with punctuation rules among numerous editors and proofreaders of articles before approving them for publishing. The author admits that, at times, a statement is not as unambiguous when it comes to evaluating punctuation as it seems. In such a situation, optionality of the punctuation standard should be permitted. In the conclusion part, the author points to the fact that “punctuation is a lesson of thinking” and that, as a result of the noticeable deterioration of linguistic competence among authors and editors, a subject such as Advanced Punctuation should be introduced for students of Polish Philology and Journalism.
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