We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Muslims went to China in the first century of Islam, and by the tenth century of the Common Era, communities of Chinese-speaking Muslims were established there. For many centuries Islamic learning was transmitted by means of Persian and Arabic, and there was plenty of interchange with the central Islamic lands, especially Persia. It was not until the seventheenth century that the Chinese Muslims decided that it was necessary to write books for their fellow Muslims in Chinese. The first exposition of Islamic teachings in that language appeared in the year 1642. Gradually a series of Muslim scholars established a school of thought in the Chinese langauge that played a major role in shaping the Muslim world view for the next two hundred years. What differentiates this Chinese-language approach from other approaches was precisely the Chinese language, and according to the author that meant talking about Islam by using concepts drawn from Confunianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. (S engleskog preveo Nevad Kahteran).
More...
The key to understanding the quantitative increase in Bosnian higher education, i.e. hyperproduction of credentials, stampeding student enrollment and proliferation of study programs is to take the neoliberal approach as the „merging“ point for opposite views of the higher education reform. The focus is the relationship between the national (etnicised) universities, promoted as nation-building institutions and the Bologna process umbrella under which the multitude of private higher learning institutions is trying to find its share in the ever-growing degree granting market. Exploring the differences and similarities in attitudes and practices, it is argued that allegedly opposed concepts are essentially the same „prosthetic“ way of getting around the basic issues of fiscal crisis of the state university and drastic decline of higher education quality that has its roots in the education reform in former Yugoslavia.
More...
Dio iz novela Chrisa Abanija, čija zbirka uskoro izlazi iz štampe u izdanju nove izdavačke kuće ”Ajfelov most”. Prevela s engleskog Senada Kreso.
More...
The main purpose of the article is answering the question: What are the playgrounds of Piotrków Trybunalski and respondents would like to see them? Sources for this article comprise of 25 statements of parents, which was gathered by the photo elicitation interview. The collected material shows whether and how much the imaginary space differs from the real space. The further analysis proves that an ideal place for children does not differ so much from a real one. Additionally, respondents pointed out the elements that could improve the safety of play, quality and aesthetic of the devices in the space used by children and their parents
More...
Securing safety and public order is one of the tasks of public authority that has a very long tradition. This may be due to the fact that safety is one of the fundamental human needs which greatly affects people’s quality of life. That is why the authority in question takes many measures intended to protect society and individuals as well as their property against threats posed by violent acts of people and violent natural forces by setting up such services as the police, the fire brigade, emergency medical teams, city guards, etc. (Bolesta 1983, s. 236, Olejniczak-Szałowska 2009). The feeling of safety of a town’s inhabitants and a low crime rate are indicative of the town’s high level of civilisational and cultural development, but they also make it attractive as a place of residence for both, current and future inhabitants as well as potential investors. The aim of this paper is to establish to what extent the level of safety of people and their property determines the quality of life of an urban population. A short analysis will also be made of the level of safety of Poznañ residents and changes that have taken place in this respect since the early 1990s.
More...
The life of living organisms, including people, displays a rhythmicity caused by the Earth’s rotational movement around its axis (24-hour rhythmicity) and its orbital movement around the Sun (yearly rhythmicity). The rhythmicity imposes an order on human activity during the day and the year. But it is the Sun-controlled diurnal rhythmicity with its alternating waking and sleeping time which is of special importance. The waking period is the time in which people organise their family and working life, pursue an education, develop interests, maintain interpersonal contacts, relax, etc. The activities in which they are engaged fit the time interval between getting up in the morning and going to sleep at night. While the activity structure of city inhabitants is generally similar, it differs in details as determined by sex, age, marital and family status, level of education, time and nature of the work performed, distance between the place of residence and that of work, studying and other types of occupation, duties, interests, material situation, etc. It is also different on working days, Saturdays, Sundays and various holidays. This paper discusses the diurnal activity of the inhabitants of Poznañ. Its elements include: getting-up time, activities performed before leaving, leaving time, time of arrival at work and school, way of getting there, time of working and learning, activities performed after work and school, time of return to home, activities performed before going to bed, time of going to bed, and sleeping time. The detailed analysis closes up with a synthetic diurnal summation of time ‘between day and sleep’ (including the sleeping time)
More...
Public space has been considered as “state”, i.e. “no-one’s” until recently, but it has become more and more important during the transition. Public space transformed to an arena where different types of “players” are encountering each other. In the battle for public space there are visible interests of inter alia self-governments, private investors and city dwellers. Investments in public space causes that it is changing dynamically. Who makes the final decision on the outlook and performance of and functions carried out by public spaces? Is it always in accordance with expectations of users? There are definitions of public space and the concept of semipublic space presented in the first part of the paper. In the second part there is focus on main “players” for public space. Their motives as well as preferences in space management are presented. Finally, some examples of changes in urban public spaces are discussed which are often an effect of a game of interests.
More...
: Development path of small and big cities differs. Their path, strategic objectives are not comparable. Recognition of the small cities development process is a great challenge. Small cities development process is strongly determined by limited opportunities for investment, by weaknesses of their strategic position, and lack of strong driving forces. Besides this, the papers shows some examples of strong quantitative development recognized in big cities, together with social, organizational and spatial disintegration. Small cities development should be focused on preservation some strategic values together with modernization aggregated in „urban renaissance” process.
More...