We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Recently, we hear more and more about disrupting the banking tradition so that banking services can be done from home, office or wherever we are, via computer or mobile phone, without a specific schedule. Information services have become a very important subject for banking systems, causing drastic changes that require banks to adopt these services in addition to survive in this market where technology plays the main role. Nowadays, a good number of commercial banks offer various forms of internet banking, otherwise known as online banking or electronic banking (e-banking). Using electronic banking does not mean changing the habits of using money. On the contrary, with the help of information and communication technologies, it is possible to skip the schedules, bureaucratic aspects of traditional banking, save time, faster and more efficient management of personal finances. Electronic banking is a general term that describes the entire process of making transactions without the need to physically visit a financial institution. Electronic banking has both advantages and disadvantages. It has simplified life for some people, while for others it can seem like a complex and threatening process.
More...
This paper aims to examine integration of supply chain and demand chain in emerging markets. We present a research model of demand and supply chain integration which responds to customer’s needs through the integrated information flows. Integration of demand and supply chain synchronizes the key processes in terms of frontend development, product planning, product design, procurement, manufacturing, sales and marketing, maintenance activities based on customer needs as process routines
More...
Learning problems of Roman public law has been placed for the first time in the presence of Bulgarian academic community. It has ascertained that research and teaching private law tradition is strong, while public law and its development are less examined. In this article chronological plan of Roman public law research during middle Ages and modern times is presented. main authors, their works and scientific research aspects are also examined. The particular importance has the second part of the article dedicated to the modern outlook of Roman public law and the prospects for their development. There are a significant number of works cited, which would be of great benefit to anyone who decides to dedicate his research efforts in this area.
More...Ръкописите на Нума
The topic of this article is related to one of the first reliable data given by Livius (Liv. 40.29.3) for the existence of the compulsory expropriation as an institute known even in the archaic epoch which can be defined as an act of property deprivation against the will of its owner. The article analyses the case with the manuscripts (the so called “Libri”) of the roman rex Numa Pompilius which have been found in 181 B.C. under the Ianiculum hill (sub Ianiculo). The expropriation and destruction of these manuscripts that has been ordered by the praetor is related to a research of the preconditions regulated in the Roman law for such an act of expropriation as well as with the public interest revealed in the case with regard to another private interest in which it enters in to a conflict. This conclusion allows a concentration of the attention on the main elements which allow for the qualification of such acts as expropriation ones and not as purely confiscatory. The ideological, economical and social changes in the domain of compulsory expropriation which form the historical and cultural situation in a certain society have to be taken into account. The acts of the praetor are predetermined by an evaluation of the manuscripts’ content which although created by a Roman rex and containing the historical memory of the Romans have to be destroyed. The reason for that destruction is that the knowledge that they contain may pose a danger to the state religion, the belief in Gods and their religious will. The praetor takes also into account that these books may also diminish the ability of the political organs to take decisions which according to the religion at the beginning of the II century. B.C. are based on the God’s will.
More...Основни права и задължения на CIVES и INCOLAE
This article is about the problems of the territorial organization in The Roman Empire and the integration of its population. It traces the statute of cives and incolae, as two different categories of roman citizens who have not only different positions in terms of personal law, but different obligations towards the state and the municipes as well. This article also traces the two-sided commitment of persons with particular territorial structures – by origin (origo) and by domicile (domicilium), as well as the access to the local municipal positions, the duties for munera civilia, the submission to local jurisdiction (forum originis or forum domicilii), the observance of the local laws and the possible collision between them and so on. The examples given in the article illustrate the legal situation in which Roman law had to “coexist” and to accept the features of the common customs and laws, which is considered to be one of the possible reasons for the appearance of the so called vulgarized Roman law.
More...
This article considers the conquer of the Iberian peninsula by the Romans and the specificity of establishment the politico-legal organization of the provinces in Spain. It also considers the stages in establishment of the provincial and municipal systems, the granting of roman citizenship, the building of cities and roads, as well as the importance of the region for the whole politics and economics of Rome. A number of poetic and literary proofs of modern authors about the attitude concerning the roman influence in Spain and its eternity are also presented.
More...
This article considers the main aspects in the organization of the financial administration during the time of Justinian. The information about it is relatively full and makes possible the recovery not only of the structure, but the functioning of the financial administration as well. It views the different categories of officials of the fisc, the publicity of the tax claims and the public expenses, the protection of the taxpayers and so on. The legislation with tax content of Justinian had great practical value for immediate handling with the weaknesses in the administrative organization and aimed the removal of frauds and abuses. In this sense, the instruments, which were started to give publicity to the tax regime and collecting of taxes, to preserve the rights of the fisc, as well as to protect the citizens (favor tributarii), proved to be really admirable. The financial administration is considered to be part of the whole reformative politics of Justinian for institutional renovation (Renovatio imperii) with the cooperation of the intellectual and legal elite and in that way was created a united ideology of authority.
More...
The article reviews briefly the specific authority of the executive power to issue normative regulations that supplement the laws and serve their enforcement (bylaws). A brief historical review is made and further the article focus on the present day state of the matter, as it is settled in the Constitution of Republic of Bulgaria 1991 and the Normative Acts Act 1973. The main objective of the article is to point out and eventually clarify some debatable issues around the bylaws issued by the Council of ministers. Further, a separate analysis is dedicated to the curious, now overcome, situation, when issuance of bylaws was entrusted to administrative bodies ranking below minister – heads of agencies. Special attention is paid to the intriguing, sometimes controversial, practice of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Administrative Court.
More...
The article deals with the differences between the fines and the social security contributions which are normally clear in the theory of administrative and social security law and no confusion is possible. But the topic became interesting in the light of the amendment of the Labour code made in the beginning of 2012. It provided a special fine for the worker engaged without the mandatory written contract of labour. The new rule provided also that the amount of the fine paid by the worker would equal the contributions due for his social security coverage for three months and be transferred to the Budget of the State Pension Funds. But no relation with the social security rules were made by the legislator and the real contributions for the whole period of illegal work still stood dues. what were the juridical sense and the practical utility of such a measure and why a fine was provided for the purpose of financing the Social Security? Despite of the fact that the Constitutional Court later declared the amendment anti-constitutional, the discussion about the different nature of fines and social security contributions keeps its importance in order future strange and confounding legal decisions to be avoided.
More...
The specificity of the administrative proceedings as "a dispute concerning the legality only." It is not necessary to be a person who has affected the unlawful act, private substantive law to be able to bring an action against the vicious normative act. This is because the subject of the case is not the protection of private substantive law and objective compliance the law of legal act, which acts on an unlimited number of recipients. Therefore, as an objective justice will be accepted when the dispute over the legality of the act is raised by a public authority against another public authority (for example the cases of art. LSGLAA 45). In proceedings of contestation of the normative administrative acts the sides don’t associate and prove the validity of the facts relevant to the reality which has an attitude to the offence of the law to be settled that the action of the administrative bodies contradict to the law.
More...
The report is dedicated to the requirements of conformity with the law of the written statements ascertaining tax liabilities as it makes no pretence to be comprehensive. All the five requirements, known to the legal science, have been considered, as the accent is set on that upon breaking of which of those circumstances would result into nullity in the form of insignificance of the written statements ascertaining tax liabilities. The practices of the Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court of Cassation have been used when considering the issue put.
More...