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Проблема археологической идентификации тохаров

Author(s): Leo S. Klejn / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Researchers have been interested to associate Tocharians with a certain archaeological culture, because this association is connected with a number of other issues: the peneretration of European cultural elements into China, the definition of ethnic nature of some historical forces in the East, and localisation of the original home of Indo-Europeans. The author considers seven hypotheses of archaeological identification of Tocharians — those hypotheses that connect them with 1) Afanasyevo culture, 2) Seyma-Turbino culture, 3) Karasuk culture through Fatyanovo culture, 4) a culture known as Chaodaogo in the Near East, 5) Yuezhi and Kushans, 6) Tarim (Taklamakan) mummies, 7) recently discovered Chemurchek culture. The new excavations by Anatoly Kovalev discovered in Altay, Mongolia and Хsinjiang the phenomenon of Chemurchek culture for which its migration from France is most convincingly proved. Yet this hypothesis has its own inconsistencies.Neither of these versions including the most popular of them (Afanasyevo) or most convincing (Chemurchek) can be accepted as fully proved.

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Новые находки металлических изделий эпохи бронзы у с. Терновка на левобережье Нижнего Днестра

Author(s): Sergey D. Lysenko,Sergey N. Razumov,Svetlana S. Lysenko,Vitalii S. Sinika / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article presents a few Late Bronze Age artefacts found on settlements near Ternovka village, Slobodzeia district, on the left babnk of the Lower Dniester. The new findings, when compared with the materials of earlier studies, allow to identify three chronological horizons of existence of the Late Bronze Age sites near Ternovka village: Late Babino — Early Sabatinovka, Sabatinovka and Beloziorka.Poor saturation of the layer on the settlement Ternovka-1 shows that the site was not inhabited continually throughout the period of the Late Bronze Age, but was visited only episodically. The location of the settlement on a small butte amidst a wide floodplain on the left bank of the Dniester allows to regard it as a short-term station related to certain seasonal trades. While Ternovka-2 seems to be remains of a Sabatinovka settlement and requires further research.

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Die Doppelaxt aus der Toumba Agios Mamas, Prähistorischem Olynth

Author(s): Emily Schalk / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Während der Ausgrabungen der Freien Universität in Berlin unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hänsel und Dr. Ioannis Aslanis, Hellenic Research Foundation in Athens, auf der Toumba Agios Mamas/Prähistorischem Olynth in 1996—2001, kam eine Doppelaxt mit Schaftloch zutage. Sie wurde im Raum 2 eines Großbaus in der spätbronzezeitlichen Schicht 8 (SH I–SH IIA, 1610—1550 calBC) entdeckt. In dem Raum um eine Herdstelle lagen außerdem Fragmente von Bronzeblech und -schaft, Eberzahnlamellen, eine Keramikscheiben, Garnrolle und Spinnwirtel aus Ton, ein Spatel aus Knochen, die Hälfte einer Gußform für eine Schaftlochaxt, und mehrere Abschläge, Steinklingen, eine Steinperle und ein Brocken Radiolarit. Die Doppelaxt stellt das früheste Exemplar dieses Typs im nordägäischen-westkleinasiatischen Raum dar. Sie ist eine bekannte ägäische Form, mit vor allem der minoischen und mykenischen Kultur identifiziert, und entspricht allgemein Branigans ägäischem Typ II. Sie unterscheidet sich von diesem hauptsächlich jedoch durch die etwas asymmetrische Erscheinungsform und kann in mehrere Typen und Varianten unterteilt werden.

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Исследования курганов возле поселка Тараклия в 1979 году

Author(s): Valentin A. Dergachev,Eugen Sava / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Systematic studies of barrows in the Budzhak steppe were started in the early 1970s and continued until the end of the 1980s. During this period there were excavated about 100 burial mounds, in which funerary complexes belonging to different cultural and chronological periods were found. However, most of the discovered complexes are not yet published. This paper presents the results of excavations of four barrows, in which there were discovered 62 burials dated from the Chalcolithic to the Early Middle Ages.

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Археологические разведки у с. Паланка: новое античное поселение на Нижнем Днестре

Author(s): Mark E. Tkachuk,Denis A. Topal,Evghenii Yu. Zverev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In November 2014, the expedition of the University of High Anthropological School conducted archaeological investigations on the territory of Palanca village (Republic of Moldova) and its surroundings. The North-Eastern part of the village situated on a high river terrace turned out to be the most promising one, which is where the prospecting pits were made. Among the most interesting finds from the trench 1 were the fragments of black glazed pottery and a stamped handle of Rhodian amphora. A large fragment allowed to reconstruct the complete profile and diameter of black glazed plate with projecting rim characteristic of the Hellenistic period (from 250—225 BC to Early 2nd century BC). Two-line stamp on the amphora’s handle found on structure 1 belongs to Rhodian manufacturer Mikythos II, followed by the name of the month. The stamp, and therefore structure 1, appear to be attributed to the 230s BC. In trench 2 a fragment of black glazed kantharos of West Slope style was discovered (250—225 BC). Statistics shows that the percentage of hand-made ware was not more than 15%, while the wheel-made pottery was more than 85%. This ratio allows us to confirm the hypothesis that Palanca was the first Greek settlement found on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. This could be proved by the number of table-ware pottery (2%) and amphora fragments.

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Два варианта городской истории средневекового Причерноморья — Белгород и Олешье

Author(s): Nicolaj D. Russev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Relying on written sources, the author considers the fate of two towns from the Black Sea region — Belgorod and Oleshye. In the “pre-Mongolian“ period, the two towns did not display any close relationship, because by the end of the 10th century, the town located in the mouth of the Dniester River and historically connected with the right bank of the Danube had already completed a whole stage in its history, while the town near the Dnieper, which played an important role in relations between Medieval Russia and Byzantine Crimea appeared only in the 11th century.By the end of the 13th century, under the rule of Mongolian governor Nohay, Belgorod saw a revival of Byzantine traditions and became an important obstacle on the way of the Italians spreading into this region. At the same time, Oleshye (Illiche) was in declining state. Only in the second half of the 14th century, the settlement attracted the Genoeses as a port in which it was possible to buy considerable amounts of food.In the last quarter of the 14th century, Moldova forced the Golden Horde out of the Dniester basin. In Belgorod (Asprocastro), the Greeks took leading positions. In the conditions of instability of 1432—1457, the autonomy of the city increased so much that the local community started running independent business with Italians and even Ottomans.The expansion of the Great Duchy of Lithuania towards the Lower Dnieper region broke the former tenor of life and led Illiche to decline. Only in 1440—1450 the life here became more active as the Mongols and Genoeses re-established their partner relations.The collision between Caffa and Belgorod, with the castle of Illiche just in the center of it, provoked irreparable damage to the urban life in the Lower Dnieper region. In the conditions of Ottoman rule established in the region in 1475—1484, Illiche never revived, and Belgorod (Akkerman) got an entirely new appearance.

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Дж. Каталано из Солдайи первой четверти XV века: эпиграфический экзерсис

Author(s): Alexander G. Emanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article studies a Genoese inscription from Soldaia, written in Latin and dated by 1423. In 19th—20th centuries, different scientists, like G. Oderico, P. Keppen, V. Yurgevich, C. Desimoni, E. Skrzinskaya and others have proposed different readings of the inscription. However, an important semantic part of the inscription remained unexplained. One of the factors which made it difficult to decode the inscription was its hardly accessible location.The use of digital photography permitted the author to obtain a qualitative image and to entirely reconstruct the inscription. Basing on its content, the author assumes that G. Catalano, mentioned in the inscription, was not the Genoa’s consul in Soldaia, as thought earlier, but a catholic bishop of the town, who initiated construction of the cathedral. Below the inscription, there are two coats of arms belonging to the Genovese families who provided financial support to the construction. One of these coats of arms was identified as representing the Goano family.

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Генуэзский замок Калиера

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author publishes all archaeological materials collected during excavations in 1927—1928 and 2006 on a fortification on Kordon-Oba Mount (Eastern Crimea, Feodosia Municipal Council’s territory). The site was attributed based on written, cartographic and archaeological sources. The castle was built by the Genoese administration of Kaffa in the second half of 14th c. and ceased to exist after the Ottoman conquest of the Genoese lands in the Crimea in 1475. The castle took its name — Kaliera — after the nearest medieval locality. The author questions why this castle was built and why it was built here.

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«Крымский поход» Тимура в 1395 г.: историографический конфуз, или археология против историографической традиции

Author(s): Victor L. Mytz / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes a historiographic tradition related to the so called Timur’s “Crimean campaign” (or of his protégé Edigu) in 1395, during the war with Tokhtamysh. According to this tradition, this campaign led to devastation of a significant part of the Crimea, including its most important urban centers — Chersonese, Mangup, Solghat, Caffa. A detailed comparison of written accounts and archaeological materials, however, does not prove this view. Information about Timur’s campaign in Crimea originates from a biased Egyptian source. Most of the other contemporary accounts — Greek, Latin and Armenian — “ignore” this catastrophe. The archaeological research does not yield any reliable data to prove that any of the Crimean towns were ruined in late 14 th c. Overall, it can be substantially inferred that Timur’s western campaign in 1395 did not affect the Crimean territory.

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Пифосы из археологических комплексов Таврики XIV—XV вв.

Author(s): Iryna B. Teslenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Studies of 14th — 15th cc. complexes on medieval sites in the Crimea (in its southern part mainly) documented presence of three groups of pithoi dated by different periods. The earliest of them were vessels of group I — locally produced thick red clay barrels. By the 15th c. they could have been in use for 500—600 years. One should not exclude possible early medieval traditions of manufacturing such vessels conserved in some regions of Taurica. Imported pithoi of group II became predominant later. They were produced and used for not more than 250—300 years. Further studies must be carried out to identify the region where vessels with such morphological characteristics originated from. The latest to appear were the so called wine jars of group III. They existed for not more than 150—180 years. Their detailed chronology and origin of forms require further investigation.It should be mentioned that the Greek-Byzantine traditional manufacturing and use of pithoi were common in the Crimea in 14th — 15th cc., and most of them seemed to have been used predominantly in wine-making. Relics of these traditions can be still marked in ethnography of peoples living in wine-making regions — Caucasus, Balkans, Pyrenees, etc. However, the Crimea lost these traditions after the Ottoman conquest.

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Поливная керамика Сарайчика

Author(s): Olga V. Kuznetsova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author introduces glazed pottery found at Saraichik (a Golden Horde Hillfort) and classifies it according to a typology proposed by N. M. Bulatov and G. A. Fedorov-Davydov. Thus, the glazed pottery found at Saraichik is divided into redware and Kashan types.The redware ceramics is further distinguished by the color of glazing: there are vessels with transparent glazing of green, yellow and brown colors, as well as with colorless glazing, and is represented by bowls, plates, jugs, albarello and tubeks. By type of ornament, there are vessels with glazed-over engravings, glazed-over paintings, or a combination of both, as well as pottery with glazed-over stamped ornament on sgraffito.The Kashan ceramics of Saraichik is divided into two groups: with transparent and non-transparent glazing, further divided into subgroups by the color of glazing and method of ornamentation. The Kashan ceramics with colorless glazing and transparent turquoise or ultra-marine glazing was ornamented by glazed-over polychromic painting with glazed-over relief, or painting without relief, while stamped ornament under turquoise glazing is not very common. There are finds of so called ‘Timurid’ ceramics with a specific complex ornament. Besides, there is also ceramics with polychromic painting over ultra-marine glaze (Lajvardina) and ceramics with enamels over white opaque glazing (Minai).Ongoing field research at Saraichik keeps yielding new ceramic artefacts, which demand further detailed and careful studies.

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Памятники золотоордынской эпохи на территории Астраханской области

Author(s): Evgeniy M. Pigarev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article is the first attempt in twenty-five years to present complete corpus of Golden Horde sites found on the territory of Astrakhan region. The corpus includes 115 sites: barrow and ground necropolises, fortified and open settlements. For each site, the author indicates its characteristics, short description of the location, topography, state of preservation and research, as well as main finds; and for the necropolises — he provides peculiarities of the funeral rite. The material presented enables a better understanding of such problem as “Lower Volga Golden Horde town and formation of its vicinity”.

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Процессы урбанизации и динамика мясного потребления в средневековых городах Поволжья (по археозоологическим материалам)

Author(s): Lilia V. Yavorskaya / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author focuses on a relation between urbanization and changes in meat consumption among the dwellers of medieval towns in the Middle and Lower Volga area. Methodology elaborated by the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences specially for palaeoeconomic reconstructions allowed conducting an archaeozoological study of animal bone collections from archaeological digs on seven urban sites (Bolgarskoe, Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Tzarevskoe, Selitrennoe, Moshaik, Samosdelskoe fortified settlements) in three chronological periods: pre-Mongol, Early Golden Horde and Late Golden Horde. It was established that beef predominated in meat diet of the urban citizens in each of the three periods, followed by mutton and horse meat. Very similar spectrums of meat consumption in almost every town in the mid 14 th c., whenever it emerged or whatever its tradition of meat consumption, expressly demonstrate presence of a well planned agricultural district around them.

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Вопросы исторической топографии и хронологии золотоордынских городов Нижневолжского Правобережья

Author(s): Olga A. Ilyina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article represents an analysis of the Golden Horde sites situated on the right bank of Lower Volga, which have been large urban settlements in the Middle Ages: Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Mechetnoe fortified settlements, Ternovskoe fortified and open settlements. At the present time these settlements are completely or considerably destroyed, which makes us turn mainly to the research materials from the 19th — early 20th century. Basing on the analysis and correlation of archaeological, numismatic and written sources and urban planning, the author presents the topography of the settlements, main archaeological complexes (fortifications, living and household facilities, burials) and determines the time period and stages in development of these localities.

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Историческая топография Увекского городища

Author(s): Dmitry A. Kubankin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author publishes some new recently obtained and analyzed data related to historical topography of a Golden Horde city of Ukek. He specifically examines history of field research on the Uvek Hillfort, which dates back to 90s of 19 th c. His special focus in examining natural and geographic factors is on peculiar local topography affected by some landslides, as well as on a high hill with a flat top (the Uvek Mount), which gave the name to the city — Ukek, from a Mongolian word meaning ‘plateau’. Changes in landscape caused by either natural or anthropogenic factors are also assessed. New data on fortifications and hydraulic structures of the hillfort, a rich estate, a hammam, kilns and a mausoleum are also published and discussed in the article.

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Памятники золотоордынского периода в Нижнем Поднепровье

Author(s): Mikhail V. Elnikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The scope of this article is to give a short characteristic to the sites of sedentary (Slavic, Alan, Bulgar) and nomad (Turk) population from the Lower Dnieper region, poorly presented in the literature. The sites include hillforts, settlements, ground and barrow necropolises, coin hoards and various individual finds. All these materials are presented according to a certain structure: cartography, dating, history of research, short description of main complexes and categories of finds. This analysis will allow the specialists to produce in the future a much more comprehensive picture of ethnocultural processes and dimensions of urban construction in the Lower Dnieper region, as well as to ascertain the reasons behind the selection of this territory as administrative and political centre of Mamai Horde.

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Строительная периодизация т. н. мечети Узбека в Старом Крыму

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article represents the first full publication of the materials from restoration works (1984—1985) at one of the famous cult Muslim buildings of Medieval Crimea. An inscription above its door way states that the construction was made by Abdul-Asis, son of Ibrahim al-Arbeli, during the reign of khan Uzbek in 714 anno Hegirae (= 1314 AD). The field survey of the monument allowed the author to specify its chronology and architectonics, as well as to get an idea about some of its completely or partly lost architectural and construction details. Three building periods were distinguished: second half of 15th century, 1512—1513 and late 19th — early 20th century. The research has shown, that the mosque, despite of some Ottoman elements, was still influenced by Seljuk building traditions, involving reuse of some architectural and construction details from some earlier Golden Horde buildings, including the previous mosque of Uzbek from 1314, whose location is still unknown. The architectonics of the building clearly illustrates the beginning of a new stage in Muslim cult construction of Medieval Crimea and makes the so called Uzbek mosque a unique building of the transitional period between two architectural styles.

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Эпоха Улуса Джучи в Северо-Западном Причерноморье и город Акджа Керман

Author(s): Gregory S. Boguslavsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author examines political, economic and ethno-cultural developments in North-Western Pontic Area after the Mongol conquest and establishment of the Golden Horde (Jochi’s Ulus). He specially focuses on issues of urbanization of these territories in the Golden Horde Period, and first of all on the city of Akja Kerman (modern Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi). It is commonly accepted now that development of urban centers in the North-Western Pontic Area under the Golden Horde started during Nogay’s Ulus (1270—1302). It was the time when such forts as Jangi-Shekhr (Old Orhei) and Costesti appeared in the territory between the Prut and the Dniester Rivers, and Chilia and Isaccea in the Danube Region; the first account of Bilhorod dates to the same period (1290). The author reviews documents containing data on political status and economic development of this city, its ethnic and confessional groups under the Golden Horde’s rule, and its accession by Moldavia in late 14th c.

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Два надгробных камня из Музея-заповедника «Херсонес Таврический»

Author(s): Igor V. Volkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author publishes two gravestones of the Golden Horde and Ottoman period from the Museum Reserve of Tauric Chersonesos. Their origin is unknown. The inscription on the first gravestone is made in the Tartar language and contains the date of 818 AH (1415/1416). This epigraphic artefact is another example of gradual transition from the Arabic to the Tartar language in epitaphs in 15 th c. The second inscription in the Ottoman Turkish language contains the name of the dead and the date of 1180 AH (1766/1767).

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Турецкая карта Черного и Азовского морей из собрания Государственного исторического музея

Author(s): Igor V. Volkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author publishes a Turkish navigation map held by the State Historical Museum (Moscow). It is executed in the manner traditional for the European cartography, yet with Turkish inscriptions using Arabic alphabet. The map shows the Black Sea with its northern, eastern and southern shores (the western part is cut off ), as well as the whole of the Azov Sea. The article minutely studies stylistic features of the map. There is a table with the list of geographic names found on the map (toponyms and hydronyms): the original Turkish spelling and transcription and their respective identifiable modern names.

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