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Recently, we hear more and more about disrupting the banking tradition so that banking services can be done from home, office or wherever we are, via computer or mobile phone, without a specific schedule. Information services have become a very important subject for banking systems, causing drastic changes that require banks to adopt these services in addition to survive in this market where technology plays the main role. Nowadays, a good number of commercial banks offer various forms of internet banking, otherwise known as online banking or electronic banking (e-banking). Using electronic banking does not mean changing the habits of using money. On the contrary, with the help of information and communication technologies, it is possible to skip the schedules, bureaucratic aspects of traditional banking, save time, faster and more efficient management of personal finances. Electronic banking is a general term that describes the entire process of making transactions without the need to physically visit a financial institution. Electronic banking has both advantages and disadvantages. It has simplified life for some people, while for others it can seem like a complex and threatening process.
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Fiscal policy is a crucial stabilization policy of governments around the world and has a major role in suppressing the adverse impacts of unfolding crises. Its applicability is measured through the process of taxation and collection of public revenues to create funds for financing public expenditures. Therefore, fiscal policy implies the use of public revenues and expenditures that should be aligned with the main objectives of macroeconomic policy. Consequently, since the Western Balkans region, identical to other countries around the world, is in a period of the global energy crisis, the response of the national fiscal policy is of major importance. The subject of the paper is the analysis of the national fiscal policy response of Western Balkans countries to the global energy crisis with a focus on the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of North Macedonia. Using the available official data, the paper analyzes and compares the distribution impacts of the global energy crisis in selected Western Balkans countries in terms of public expenditure (percent of GDP). Furthermore, a comparison of the results of the selected Western Balkans countries with the average of the Western Balkans countries and the average of the EU countries was carried out. Eventually, the paper analyzes the national fiscal policy response of the selected countries in terms of wage bills (percent of GDP), social benefits (percent of GDP), and capital expenditures (percent of GDP) during the global energy crisis with those during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The applied methodology consists of qualitative research techniques, such as analysis, comparative analyses, and syntheses. Based on the obtained results, the paper's contribution is reflected in the determination of the importance of timely fiscal response of national governments and taking appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse impact effectively in the forthcoming period.
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This paper aims to examine integration of supply chain and demand chain in emerging markets. We present a research model of demand and supply chain integration which responds to customer’s needs through the integrated information flows. Integration of demand and supply chain synchronizes the key processes in terms of frontend development, product planning, product design, procurement, manufacturing, sales and marketing, maintenance activities based on customer needs as process routines
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This article considers the conquer of the Iberian peninsula by the Romans and the specificity of establishment the politico-legal organization of the provinces in Spain. It also considers the stages in establishment of the provincial and municipal systems, the granting of roman citizenship, the building of cities and roads, as well as the importance of the region for the whole politics and economics of Rome. A number of poetic and literary proofs of modern authors about the attitude concerning the roman influence in Spain and its eternity are also presented.
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This article considers the main aspects in the organization of the financial administration during the time of Justinian. The information about it is relatively full and makes possible the recovery not only of the structure, but the functioning of the financial administration as well. It views the different categories of officials of the fisc, the publicity of the tax claims and the public expenses, the protection of the taxpayers and so on. The legislation with tax content of Justinian had great practical value for immediate handling with the weaknesses in the administrative organization and aimed the removal of frauds and abuses. In this sense, the instruments, which were started to give publicity to the tax regime and collecting of taxes, to preserve the rights of the fisc, as well as to protect the citizens (favor tributarii), proved to be really admirable. The financial administration is considered to be part of the whole reformative politics of Justinian for institutional renovation (Renovatio imperii) with the cooperation of the intellectual and legal elite and in that way was created a united ideology of authority.
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