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The purpose of this article is to present specific problems related to the violation of intellectual property in the field of visual communication and an attempt to identify more effective ways to protect it. Legal protection works in the area of visual communication do not guarantee respect for intellectual property. Jurisprudence encounters problems at the core of which is the discretionary nature of the assessment of the originality of artistic works. The article presents case studies that illustrate this state very clearly. Many artists do not enter a legal challenge in the case of plagiarism of their projects because of the uncertain effect of the procedure and troublesome and sometimes even expensive process. In case of violation of someone else’s intellectual property rights in respect of the works belonging to the area of visual communication the attitude of the designer is essential. Very important are also circumstances in which there is a breach of intellectual property. The analysis of these circumstances can be a starting point to searching for effective ways to prevent the infringement of intellectual property, with particular emphasis on the indication of the illusory benefits of this practice, obtained in such a specific field as visual communication. Possible courses of action in order to reduce the practice of intellectual property violations were proposed. The analysis of these measures is based on the concept of searching for the maximum benefit that can be achieved in co-operation of the designer with the customer. The analyses of individual situations lead to a conclusion that the designer has a maximum benefit when he fully realizes the original design, created as a result of a reasonably long and conducted with due diligence and thoroughness of the design process. Accordingly, strong emotional involvement in the project also creates a unique opportunity for artistic effect. Such a project, entitles the creator to a sufficiently high salary and provides him with an opportunity to promote and achieve further attractive orders. The customer has a maximum benefit in a situation when he receives a unique design, valuable in terms of art, that gives rise to the effective marketing activities. In the high-potential project the opportunities of reimbursement for the costs should be sought. The sphere of visual communication enters a period of formation of the patterns of behavior, including ethical ones. In an era of increasing competition not only the talent and artistic competence of the designer begins to count, but also the model of design process preferred by him and an opinion about him in the environment. It is also the place to assess the ethical behavior of designers and include it into the evaluation process of their selection by the customer. The attitude of the designer is of vital importance to the avoidance of a violation of intellectual property of somebody else. Equally important is the correct relationship between
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The transformation process in the countries which is associated with changes in the size structure of enterprises and capital ownership, affects the economic processes, and hence also the innovative activity in the industry. That is why the main objective of the study was to look for evolving in time determinants of size class and ownership structure of industrial enterprises on their innovative activity in within the Lower Silesia industrial system, and ultimately determine the limits of the assumptions of the master structure of regional innovation networks, which take into account the specificity of the particular region. The hypothesis of the research was formulated as an assertion that innovative activity in territorial industrial systems and in their relations with the environment is significantly determined by the influence of the size and structure of companies evolving over time. Empirical and exemplificative sphere of this paper was based on a case study of Lower Silesia Voivodeship. The study was performed twice on the basis of standardized questionnaire on a group of 492 industrial enterprises in 2004−2006, and 761 subjects in the years 2010−2012. The methodological part of the analyzes was based on the theory of probability, where the dependent variable had the binary value. In the paper logistic regression is used, of which the greatest advantage is the ability to analyze and interpret the results from using the methods which are similar to the classic method of regression, on the basis of the selection scheme of the convergent variables and hypothesis testing. The results of research show that the diversity of innovative activity in the Lower Silesia region, taking into account the structure and size of businesses in the industrial system, indicates their temporal evolution and, consequently, different habits in the tested group of enterprises. Conclusions of the research suggest that these interactions are often dependent on the current stage of development of the industrial system. According to the system and evolutionary theory, responsibility for the increase of the potential and improvement of technological competitiveness of the region, will move from large business entities, through the medium towards small enterprises, and from the point of view of the nature of ownership: foreign entities towards mixed, but much slower. Owners of domestic micro-enterprises in the Polish conditions are characterized by extensive reticence in taking risks arising from innovative activities.
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It is believed that human capital mobility is essential for both intranational as well as international knowledge diffusion and consequently for the improvement of innovativeness and competitiveness of enterprises and national economies. The common opinion, however, is that it is only the receiving party who benefits in the form of spillover effects while the source company or country of the worker lose (or do not gain) as a result of his departure or emigration. Because of this, policy makers in many countries, and not only those with developing or emerging economies, fear that activities of mobile academic researchers or skilled industry staff will positively affect only the host country despite the fact that the worker have been largely financed by the source country. In the light of ongoing discussion concerning potentially negative consequences of human capital mobility for the parent party, the aim of this article is to show, on the example of selected national economies, the relationship between human capital mobility and knowledge diffusion as well as identify the factors that stimulate and inhibit knowledge diffusion through labour mobility. On the basis of empirical research findings it may be stated that there is no support for the widespread concern that only the party which receives human capital gains its precious know-how. Namely, regardless of the knowledge diffusion measurement method used (method in which the measure is certain economic indicator; citation method, survey study method), evidence can be found that both mobile academic researchers as well as skilled industry workers transfer knowledge also to the source company and country. Moreover, these effects are noticeable in both developed as well as emerging and developing economies. The diffusion of knowledge, however, does not always occur or the strength of the diffusion may vary, in both the parent party as well as the party hiring the worker. The role of human capital mobility in transfer of knowledge depends on a number of factors. Diffusion of knowledge is fostered by (1) existence of a technological gap between the source party and the party which hires the worker, yet this gap cannot be too large; (2) high ability of the hiring party to absorb foreign know-how; (3) patent system with poor protection of intellectual property rights; (4) the mobile worker having knowledge ”distant” from the one possessed by the hiring party and (5) employment of the mobile worker in non-core technological areas of her or his new employer. The barriers to diffusion of knowledge are (1) high propensity to patent innovation at the company from which the worker departs; (2) using of hard intellectual property rights protection strategy by the company from which the worker departs; (3) using of high wage strategy by the company and (4) the company using a strategy consisting in relaying knowledge to employees only by their supervisors and not through technical instructions, service manual
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The article presents the development of the financial crisis in the United States in 2008/2009, which led to the global financial crisis. The aim of the paper is to systematize the knowledge of the reasons of the crisis. The author shows the correlation among the elements that caused the economy breakdown. The text describes the inception of subprime credits, i.e. mortgages granted to the individuals with poor credit history, securitization and expansion of mortgage and asset-backed securities derived from the subprime credits. The mechanism of the securitization has been broadly described, as well as the idea of the Collateralized Mortgage Obligation presented in 1977. The other derivatives mentioned in the article are Asset Backed Securities, Mortgage Backed Securities, Collateralized Debt Obligations and Credit Default Swaps. The definitions and the clarification of their meaning are supported by the explanation why the investors have been lured and fascinated by them. The author also answers the question why the derivatives became a serious threat to the economic and financial stability. The next problem is the legal context of the crisis, for example the changes brought by Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 which allowed the banks to join commercial and investment activity. Such a change made the banks start to compete, to create and to sell Asset Backed Securities, Mortgage Backed Securities, Collateralized Debt Obligations and Credit Default Swaps on a large scale. The next problem described in the text is the evolution of the shadow banking sector, i.e. the parallel banking sector, as well as the large, complex financial institutions (LCFIs) in the 1970s. The another issue is the creation and the burst of the housing bubble. The author presents the development of the real estate and mortgage market commenced by Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Community Reinvestment Act and supported by Government Sposored Enterprises: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Among the causes of the global financial crisis the important role is attributed to the credit rating agencies. They have been paid by the financial institutions to prepare the credit ratings of the risky financial instruments. Moreover they were basing on the old models. As the result, the ratings were much overstated and provided false information to the investors. The last part of the article presents how the crisis spread in the United States and how it affected the other economies.
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A flat to live is one of the basic amenities, but also the one which is very costly to acquire, and that creates serious obstacles and limitations to purchasing own home. Lacking own place to live, on the other hand, means serious restrictions over the development of any individual or a family. Because of the social and economic functions that residential properties perform, most states do not leave the question of housing to market forces alone, but pursue own housing policy. Housing policy as a research discipline diagnoses differences in the dwelling capacity from the economic, social and technical perspective; it establishes the scale of housing demand and the level to which it is satisfied; finally, it determines the optimal deployment of public funds [Auleytner, Głąbicka 2000]. Housing policy is a targeted action undertaken by national and local state institutions, in which legal and financial instruments are employed to improve the housing situation. The actual legal and financial solutions depend on the approved goals and can be divided into ones shaping the demand or supply on the residential real estate market. Privatization of dwelling stock leading to a higher number of flats with owners is perceived as a housing policy instrument, which can quite easily (in a way that leaves the state budget unaffected) stop and reverse the progressing depreciation of the housing stock. This article presents the results of the privatization effort undertaken to sell the dwelling stock managed by the Olsztyn Branch of the Agency of the Agricultural Real Estate Properties in communes within the District of Olsztyn. The flats within the said stock were sold with rebates to individual owners. At the end of 2011, the number of flats taken over by the Olsztyn Branch of the Agricultural Real Properties and included into the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury was 49647, of which 3999 were in the District of Olsztyn, mainly in the communes of Barczewo, Biskupiec, Purda and Jeziorany. The flats have different origin. Most originate from dissolved state farms (3506 flats) and from the State Land Fund (396 flats). The implemented privatization model, in which flats can be sold with reductions in the prices, has encouraged 94% of the future flat owners to make a preferential purchase. The remaining percentage consists of flats sold by tender bids or transferred free of charge mainly to communes. Owing to the above solution, the privatization of the stock of flats has almost been terminated, although this is true only about the flats from former state farms (flats which remain in the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury account for 0.8% of the original stock) which were sold with reductions in the prices available to both persons renting the flats or former employees of state farms. Regarding the flats from the Land Farm, a narrower group of persons were eligible to apply for rebates, and the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Tr
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Usually, current financial crisis of 2008 is compared to the Great Depression of 1929. But there are some evidence that our current financial crisis has much more similarities and analogies to the crisis initiated by the panic in 1907. A brief analysis of both crises is presented. This analysis is conducted on the basis of the history of the United States of America, where both mentioned crises were initiated. However, we will search for the answer to the basic question, namely: how events in the early twentieth century shaped the history of the economies in the next hundred years, and how expected changes in the institutional arrangements after 2008 may be comparable to the revolutionary changes of the social order after 1907 (e.g., appearance of the FEDeral Reserve System in 1913, the adoption of the 16th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, enabling the collection of taxes on personal income, growth and omnipotence of government agencies)?
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The present article deals with selected attitudes of market participants with respect to information gaps in real estate market. Real estate markets have recently become “active players” on an international scale. This situation leads to a careful observation of phenomena that occur on real estate markets. Nonetheless, information gaps prevent the smooth functioning of the markets in which information serves as a source of many processes. The lack of reliable, complete and current information about real estate prices makes market entities prone to search for the prices and succumb to substitute strategies that compensate the information gaps. The thesis of the present article concentrates on information gaps in the real estate market as favourable conditions for occurring the phenomenon of social influence. The hypothesis was formulated as follows: informational conformity as a factor affecting real estate price. The paper consists of two integral parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part concentrates on the phenomenon of social influence on real estate market which results from information gaps. Furthermore, the concept of social influence has been explained in detail. The phenomenon of social influence is defined as a situation in which entities lack proper knowledge how to react, what decision to take or what position to adopt in a particular contention, thus those entities depend on other people’s knowledge assuming that they know how to behave or that their knowledge is more accurate. As a result, the afore-mentioned entities copy behaviour noticed in others. Moreover, in the theoretical part the concepts of self-attribution bias and heuristic availability have been presented as well as their importance in the system of real estate market. The aim of the practical part was to verify whether the participants of real estate market were influenced by informational conformity. The research was conducted among the students of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn and Kielce School of Economics, Tourism and Social Sciences. The subject matter was to verify prices of commercial and residential properties in Olsztyn and Kielce and price trends in those markets. In a planned experiment students worked in groups of six (one leader and five participants). Each team was to persuade a leader to accept the price of a particular property and to design a market trend according to the belief of the group. An opinion survey was used as a tool of research. The undertaken study allowed to achieve the research aim and confirm the research hypothesis. The most important conclusions are as follows: information gaps in real estate market contribute to emerging the phenomenon of informational conformity, which is not indifferent to real estate prices and decisions of market participants. Taking into consideration the specificity of the real estate market and the occurrence of other bahavioural factors, a tendency among entities to follow the fo
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