Glasul Minorităţilor. La Voix des Minorités. Die Stimme der Minderheiten. 1934-11+12
please find in the » Introduction.pdf « a complete Table of Content for all annual issues of 1934
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please find in the » Introduction.pdf « a complete Table of Content for all annual issues of 1934
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The paper addresses the role and significance of Andrzej Towiański’s concept in the development and critical reception of the idea of Polish messianism. The discussion is centred around an attempt to approach the problem from a philosophical perspective and overcome the tendency, predominant in the mainstream reception of the concept studied, to place Towiański’s thought within the narrow confines of religious discourse. The article seeks to define the theoretical status of Towianism in the general process of evolution of the Polish debate over national messianism, and discuss the metatheoretical roots of the historical controversy surrounding this position.
More...Prezentacja problematyki "Not zebranych przez Adama Towiańskiego z kilku rozmów jego z ojcem"
"Noty zebrane przez Adama Towiańskiego z kilku rozmów jego z ojcem" (The notes collected by Adam Towiański from several conversations with his father) may be considered a late Towianism manifesto. Adam Towiański conducted a number of interviews with his father, Andrzej Towiański, during which important information was provided about teaching the later stage of Towianism. The Notes... – unlike the early doctrine contained in Biesiada (The Banquet) – do not contain the esoteric vision of astronomy, the concept of reincarnation, as well as the story of dark spirits covering our planet. In Notes..., however, one can find the concept of the threefold sacrifice, or the white cross. This indicates a shift of Master Andrzej’s interests from metaphysical and esoteric to practical and moral issues.
More...Wizja świata ducha w "Biesiadzie"
The paper seeks to describe the image of the world contained in "Biesiada". This has been achieved through the study of metaphors present in the text. Three sets of metaphors have been identified. The first shows a model of the world as a static spiritual entity, a pantomime of moving columns of ghosts. The second – a spiritual anthropology: the human being turns out to be an inferior creation – a container of spirit. The third set of metaphors reveals images of God: theodicy and original spiritual Christology, topped with an innovative multidimensional symbol of the cosmic Christ. The role of "Biesiada" as a bridge between the phases of late Polish Romanticism (the poetry of Mickiewicz and Słowacki) is also emphasised.
More...O (nie)możliwości reformy religijnej na przykładzie towiańczyków (perspektywa antropologiczna)
In the article, I discuss the concept of moral-religious renewal proposed by the Circle of Towiańskiites and the failure of the idea in practice. The main question in the article is: why did these passionate reformers of the official Church follow down the path of ecclesiastical mechanisms even faster than the Church itself? Is the implementation of the idea of moral-ethical and religious renewal necessarily doomed to the dialectic of orthodoxy, reform, and counter-reform? And is this practice always a dangerous existential experiment ending in violence? My answer is inspired by Victor Turner, who has described the phenomenon of communitas, as well as the work of Eugen Drewermann and Tomasz Polak’s analysis of unsuccessful attempts to reform the church system. At the same time, I try to add nuance to the understanding of the ideas of individual activists of the Circle of God’s Cause. For instance, Mickiewicz’s ideology appears as slightly different to that of Towiański’s. Mickiewicz, more than Towiański, calls for a return to metaphysical questions (Where do we come from? Who are we? Where are we going?) instead of focusing only on moral renewal and ethics. Therefore, his religious path cannot be boiled down to two stages: the word and the deed. The poet leans more towards freedom of silence (understood as an attitude). These ideas are present not only in "Liryki lozańskie" and in "Zdania i uwagi" but also in Mickiewicz’s letter to Towiański of 12 May 1847, a moving reckoning with the sins of Towianism.
More...Towianizm jako projekt literacki
The article focuses on the problem of Towiański’s attitude to poetry. The starting point is the convictions established in the literature on the subject of Master Andrzej’s negative approach to art and the deprecating attitude to the works of poets – adepts of his science. The text is an attempt to revise the common findings expressed by outstanding literary historians such as Konrad Górski or Alina Kowalczykowa.
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In the first part of the article, the author analyses Zygmunt Krasiński’s attitude to Towianism seen as a kind of religious doctrine, based primarily on the writer’s letters to various addressees. It is emphasised that at first Krasiński approached Towiański’s ideas open-mindedly and even found in them some important elements that were in line with his own philosophy of history. In later years, after the Spring of Nations, his attitude changed considerably as he began to consider Towianism one of the greatest threats to Polishness. The second part of the article contains a comprehensive reconstruction of Krasiński’s attitude towards Andrzej Towiański as a public figure. The writer devoted much attention to the phenomenon of magnetism which, as he suspected, was used by Towiański in the relations with his followers and other people around him. On the other hand, he maintained a distance from the suspicion that Master Andrzej was a Russian agent. Krasiński did not consider Towiański a prophet but a “mighty” (strong) personality and thought some of his religious ideas worth attention. Later, Krasiński significantly changed his attitude towards Towiański and after 1848 consistently described him as a personal enemy and an “agent of hell”.
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Lithuania actively supports Ukraine in the political and military dimensions. It argues that the NATO partners should provide the besieged country with all available means. Moreover, it perceives the Russian aggression as a threat to its own security and that of the other Baltic States. That is why it is striving to strengthen NATO’s Eastern Flank, which was the subject of talks on 7 March between the Lithuanian government and U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in Vilnius.
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During his trip to Europe on 6-11 March, which included a visit to Warsaw, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau tightened cooperation with NATO allies (Germany, Latvia, and the UK) on support for Ukraine. Following Russia’s attack, Trudeau announced subsequent shipments of military equipment for Ukraine, including lethal weapons. The goal of his trip also was to coordinate economic sanctions and humanitarian aid for refugees. Closer cooperation with Poland on issues of delivering humanitarian help and evacuating Ukrainian refugees from Poland and Central European countries to Canada will be crucial.
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Even before the invasion of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia were cooperating closely militarily and politically. Although the Belarusian army has not taken part in the fighting, Russia is using Belarus as a base to conduct hostilities in Ukraine. Maintaining such cooperation with Russia will mean further political and economic losses for Belarus.
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Ukrainian authorities have been appealing to the international community and NATO to introduce a no-fly zone (NFZ) over Ukraine. NATO is not willing to do that because of the risk of direct conflict with Russia and the threat of a nuclear escalation. However, the allies can support Ukraine in a way that seriously limits the effectiveness of Russian air attacks.
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After the start of Russia’s attack on Ukraine, the German government began work on diversifying supplies of energy resources and becoming independent from Russia, which will, however, be a long-term process. In the area of security, Germany is emphasising solidarity with its NATO allies and has announced a decision to significantly increase its defence spending. The war in Ukraine has politically strengthened Chancellor Olaf Scholz, who gained in public opinion polls after announcing a change in direction of German policy.
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The article analyses The Report, a poem by Johannes Bobrowski, which is a poetic commentary on the photograph of Jewish guerrilla forces, taken after their escape from the transport to the Bajli Gelblung camp and during the interrogation by German officers. Detailed studies of different versions of the photograph, functioning in German, Swiss and French wartime newspapers, along with the signatures and the reprinting in the book edited by Gerhard Schoenberner in 1960, allow to uncover new circumstances of the woman’s arrest and look closely at the specifity of the poem by Bobrowski, which stands out against his other lyric poems.
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The article attempts to isolate several trends in the development of nationalistic attitudes in East Prussian German literature on selected examples. It analyses such works as: "The Artus Court" (Dwór Artusa) by E.T.A. Hoffmann, "Die Wiederherstellung des Schlosses der deutschen Ordensritter zu Marienburg" by Joseph Eichendorff, as well as the historizing works of Ernst Wicher ("Heinrich von Plauen") and Felix Dahn ("Kampf um Rom"), which glorified German past in the name of the idea of the nation.
More...Na podstawie scenariusza niemieckiego filmu propagandowego przeciwko polonizacji Prus Wschodnich z 1922 roku
The text analyses the archive script of a German propaganda film against the Polonization of East Prussia. The film from the 1920s documents two existing historical narratives: Polish and German. Although in some places they are contradictory, they form a complementary picture of the Polish-German relations as a whole. Both in Polish and German historiography the interpretation of historical facts was subordinated to historical policy. The text analyses German and Slavonic founding myths of Prussia, the white and black legend of the Teutonic Knights and its revival in the 20th century, the examples of historical heroizaition, the omission of indigenous population in the historiography of both countries and Europe in the 1920s propaganda.
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The article concentrates on the identity function of the Masurian landscape. It analyses its idealisation in German literature of the interwar period and its nostalgic character in the memoirs from sentimental journeys. For the visitors the landscape is a link between historical East Prussia and the modern region of Warmia and Masuria. As a recognizable distinguishing feature of the region, its landscape is one of the most beautiful in Europe, comparable to those of Provence and Tuscany. The text also describes the changes in the landscape resulting from the migrations after World War II, the economic policy of the Polish People's Republic and the development of tourism in the 21st century, which led and lead to the irreversible devastation of the landscape.
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The article shows the identity problem of native, bilingual inhabitants of Masuria in relation to the languages they use. It is based on language biographies reconstructed using the interviews recorded during the field research as part of the international research project LangGener. The aim of the research financed by NCN and DFG was to capture differencesin the occurrence of mutual influences within bilingual morphology and syntax in the speech of representatives of two different generations of bilingual persons with regard to socio-linguistic conditions. The article presents original utterances in German and Polish, which show the interlocutors’ experiences connected with language policy on the territory incorporated into Poland after 1945.
More...Zaimki "nasz" i "naski" w autobiograficznych relacjach Mazurów i Warmiaków z połowy XX wieku
The paper examines the occurrences and contexts of the pronouns "nasz" and "naski" in the statements of the autochthons from the Warmia and Masuria region. It treats them as linguistic signs of a sense of belonging to a community. It identifies and describes various aspects of this belonging: the relationship with the land and nature, the past, the language, the religion and the system of values shaped by it, the state and its institutions, as well as the dispersed community of the Masurians and Warmians after World War II.
More..."Poniemieckie" Karoliny Kuszyk a polsko-niemieckie dyskursy pamięci
The text discusses the myth of the “Regained Lands” in the Polish People's Republic and contemporary Poland, as well as the historical policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, which was shaped by the Federation of Expellees and subsequent German governments since 1949 until today. In the first part of the text the author describes the genesis, development and revision of the founding myth of the Polish People's Republic in historical context. He recalls the "Message of the Polish Bishops to their German Brothers in Christ" of 1965, Jan Józef Lipski’s thought referring to the critical tradition of Polish patriotism, formulated in 1981 in the essay Two Homelands, Two Patriotisms” and the idea of open regionalism and the Atlantis of the North developed by Olsztyn intellectuals centered around the Cultural Community “Borussia”. The second part of the text analyses historical policy and German memory culture in relation to the 1951 Card of the German Expellees, eastern policy of Willy Brand in the 1970s and the institutionalization of the memory of expulsions through the establishment of the Berlin Documentation Centre in 2021 and controversies surrounding it. The text is a preface to the interview conducted with Karolina Kuszyk, the author of the book "Poniemieckie" in 2021 during the conference “Identity as a Process”.
More...Z autorką książki "Poniemieckie" Karoliną Kuszyk rozmawia Rafał Żytyniec
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