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The authoress examines several East Slavic (mostly Russian) names of perennial plants with contrasting two-coloured flowers (Viola tricolor, L. Melampyrum nemorosum). These flowers were found in the usually legendary tales of Eastern Europe supplying the explanation of both their origin and the remarkable colour of their inflorescences. This oral/written tradition could sometimes provide the source of their name or on the contrary could have been inspired by them
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The purpose of this article is to analyse the semantic connotations of silver in the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. The research material includes 14 lexemes and their 108 occurrences in the text. In most cases, silver is used as a semantic determinant of the night; then, of the colour white, and occasionally, the colour grey. It holds numerous connotations deriving from references to metal (sparkle), moon and stars (death and night) and the colour white (innocence, holiness, virginity, and old age). In Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's poetry, silver represents the colour and shine of inanimate nature (it is stereotypically used to describe the Moon, stars and water, etc.); animate nature (flora and fauna); and extraterrestrial beings. Silver is also used to convey positive or negative connotations of the words it refers to.
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The paper examines the impact of innovation on economic growth in the Nigerian economy during the period 1970-2011. Applying the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares model, we find evidence in support of positive impact of innovation, proxied by technology-embodied capital imports, on economic growth. Other variables with significant positive impact are human capital and structure of the economy. On the other hand, factors such as openness to trade, high share of government expenditure as well as institutional quality are found to associate negatively with growth.
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The study is an attempt to investigate the nature of competition and market contestability of 35 Pakistani banks for the period of 2007-2011 by employing Panzar and Rosse (PR-model). The test of competition overall sample (2007-2011) suggest that banks in Pakistan in state of monopolistic competition and market is in equilibrium. The sub sample (2007-2009) result of competition and equilibrium are similar as for sample period (2007-2011) suggesting that revenue produced during this period is state of monopolistic competition. Finally the results of sample period (2010-2011) suggest that banks in Pakistan are instate of perfect competition however, the market in not in long-run equilibrium. The results have interesting policy implications; it is suggested to encourage the foreign banks presence to improve the competitive condition of banking industry so that to ensure the exit and entrance of banks in the industry to increase the competition and produce the variety of product to improve banks performance and customer satisfaction.
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