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The purpose of the paper is to present and to sum up the results of the archaeological and archival research of the fortified Unitarian church in Homoródszentmárton. Homoródszentmárton was one of the most important parishes in the region of the Homoród valley before and after the Reformation. Its medieval church and parish is mentioned in the Papal tax registration in the 14th century, but it is assumed that its history started long before that date. Regarding the medieval period there are numerous written papers and studies. In our paper we summarized and updated these results in the light of the archaeological research done in 2011, which offered us a fresh perspective about the church’s fortifi cation built in the 17th century. During our archival research we followed the steps of the construction and history of the new church building. The village was raided and devastated three times in the 17th century: in 1612, 1661 and in 1690. All three raids resulted in huge material loss and human casualties, and the little fortification was not able to withstand these attacks. As a result of the last raid, the fortification suffered considerable damage. During the peaceful decades of the previous (20th) century the fortification lost its defensive role and therefore a slow degradation started in spite of efforts in the 18th and 19th centuries to preserve its integrity. In the second half of the 19th century the towers were demolished one after the other and the locals started to use the walls as a stone quarry. As a result, in the 20th century and up to the present, only the ruins and the renovated tower gate survived. Unfortunately nothing original remained from the medieval church. In 1887 the whole building was demolished and a new one was erected. Focusing on these questions, we tried to present a broad and overall picture of the history of the Unitarian church in Homoródszentmárton during the 17–19th centuries.
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Erected in 1845, Farkas Sándor Bölöni´s memorial is one of the oldest statuary monuments in the Házsongárd cemetery in Kolozsvár. This outstanding Unitarian intellectual personality of the Reform era, and author of Traveling in North-America, a book with great impact, died in 1842. He was buried with the assistance of the citizens of Kolozsvár (including the members of the then-sitting Transylvanian diet), in the south-eastern part of Házsongárd cemetery, which was almost empty at the time. The collection for Bölöni’s monument was conducted by János Kriza and Sámuel Brassai. There were no sculptors in Kolozsvár at that time, hence they trusted the painter and graphic artist, Károly Szathmári Pap with the implementation of the bust for the top of the monument. The monument’s high pedestal was designed and carried out by the architect Kagerbauer Antal in a neo-Gothic style mixed with elements characteristic of Romanticism. The first graphic reproduction of the monument was a lithograph made by Miklós Sikó in 1854; one of the first known photographs was made by Ferenc Veress. The monument was damaged by a storm and renovated in 2004. It was at this time that the bust was re-carved. This history of the monument’s design and construction is opportune since celebrations to honor the 200th anniversary of the birth of Károly Szathmári Pap will be organized at the beginning of January 2012.
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Sustainable development is a developmental concept that takes into account the economic, the environmental, and the social dimension of development. The modern approach to the concept of sustainable development implies acknowledgement of new dimensions or pillars of development. The subject ofthis paper is the institutional dimension as the fourth dimension of sustainable development. The path to sustainable development requires interconnectedness, harmonization, and coordination of different dimensions of development. Institutionally, new principles or concepts are necessary to improve the functioning of the various institutions and actors involved in the process of achieving the goals of sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to indicate that economic, ecological, and social development based on sustainability requires institutional support as a complementary and necessary dimension.
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The main goal of the European Higher Education Area is to prepare students for the labour market, enable them to continue their education in order to acquire further qualifications. However, syllabus and curriculum restructuring has developed consumerist mechanisms, which on the surface seem to offer students greater choice and control over their learning. This could result in a loss of responsibility for learning and reduced tolerance for the expansion of knowledge beyond the routine and the predictable, which would consequently affect their disposition and motivation towards learning. This study aims to explore student motivation and to assess the educational process. For this purpose, the Learning Orientation Questionnaire was used, which identifies conative processes specific to the learning process. The results show that most students carefully plan out learning goals, strategies, and expectedoutcomes before beginning a learning task. Students generally perceive the ideal learning environment to imply a less hierarchical relation and more interaction between teachers and students. In terms of seeking and using additional information to help them learn more about new topics, two groups of students differentiated: the first is interested in receiving a diploma, whereas the other is more interested in receiving a quality education.
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