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The most widespread female deity in world mythologies is the Goddess of the Earth, known among Finno-Ugric peoples as Mother Earth. Research presumes that the cult of Mother Earth is relatively recent in origin, and somewhat associated with and related to the development of agriculture. Still, the religion of Finno-Ugric peoples comprises abundant other female deities whose help and assistance women can account for when in need. Moreover, among those Finno-Ugric peoples whose tillage culture is less developed, the goddess of the Earth can sometimes obtain even cosmogonic functions. The article gives an overview of Finno-Ugric female deities, their functions and the ways to sustain the favour of gods.
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The article attempts to study whether the Chinese Empire at the time of the Sui Dynasty could be considered an early totalitarian state or not. The analysis, based on historical data, proceeds from a scheme of an early totalitarian state devised by the author and reveals that the Sui state does have the characteristics of an early totalitarian state with regard to historical-political reasons and foreign policy related factors, and, to a great extent, in administration and economy, whereas the relevant characteristics are indirectly or very slightly explicit in the field of social life. The features of early totalitarianism, within the governance method of the Sui state, are generally not evident with regard to legal order and ideology. In conclusion, it is highly probable that the Sui Empire corresponds to an early totalitarian governing system, bearing in mind the external characteristics of state power, not the internal ones. This is a relevant and fundamental difference between the Chinese Qin Empire (221–207 BC), as a purely early totalitarian state, and the Sui Empire as an emerging early totalitarian state. Thus, the Sui Empire was probably becoming an early totalitarian state, however, this process was discontinued due to the perishing of the dynasty.
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The main aim of the current short article is not only to give an overview of some facts regarding the biography of the last important Old Persian king Artaxerxes III Ochos (359–338 BC), who re-established a weakened Achaemenid Empire, but also to give an analysis of translations of two short, but very important texts from his reigning period, one of which is an Akkadian cuneiform text (written in neo-Babylonian dialect of Akkadian). This text was composed in the form of a short chronicle, from which we can see as the evidence of statements of some ancient Greek authors, for instance, Diodorus Siculus, that king Artaxerxes III was a very brutal despotic king and deported many people, including those involved in the revolt of the Phoenician city-state Sidon, which had been conquered and destroyed by forces of Artaxerxes III in 345 BC. He killed part of population of this big important Phoenician cultural, economic and political centre, and all women and children were deported into the inland of his renewed empire – in Babylon and Susa. He also conquered independent Egypt, killed Apis, the scared bull of the Egyptians, looted and razed sanctuaries and killed many inhabitants of Egypt. An example of his brutality: when Artaxerxes III got the throne, he butchered his 80 brothers and many other relatives. With the poisoning of old Artaxerxes III in 338 BC, by his vizier eunuch Bagoas, began the decline of the Persian Empire, which ended some years later, when Alexander the Great, son of Philip II of Macedonia invaded with his victorious Greek-Macedonian army and during 4–5 years (334–330/329) destroyed the Persian Empire and afterwards conquered the whole of the Middle East from the Hellespont to the Indus Valley, from Egypt to the Caucasus, and died in Babylon 323 BC, when he was only 32 years old.
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In Memoriam Ellen Liiv (30. IX 1930 – 22. XII 2010) ------ Renata Sõukandi väitekiri Ravimtaimemaastik ------ Anneli Barani väitekiri fraseologismide semantikast ------ Fraseoloogiakonverents Hispaanias ------ “Keelest meeleni” 4. konverents ------ 54. Kreutzwaldi päevade teadusliku konverentsi rahvaluulepäev ------ Haldjas 15: pärimus ja internet ------ Presidendi rahvaluulepreemia ja arhiiviaasta 2010 ------
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reviews of: --------------------- Eda Kalmre. Hirm ja võõraviha sõjajärgses Tartus. Pärimuslooline uurimus kannibalistlikest kuulujuttudest. Tänapäeva folkloorist 7. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Teaduskirjastus 2007 [2. tr 2008]. 239 pp. Ene Kõresaar. Elu ideoloogiad. Kollektiivne mälu ja autobiograafiline minevikutõlgendus eestlaste elulugudes. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi sari 6. Tartu: Eesti Rahva Muuseum, 2005. 239 pp. Kirsi Laurén. Suo sisulla ja sydämellä. Suomalaisten suokokemukset ja -kertomukset kulttuurisen luontosuhteen ilmentäjänä. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. 2006. 243 pp.
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Rodica Zafiu deals with the various meanings and forms of the jargon word "panacot". As a noun it means altogether a wallet pick pocket, robbery, a crowd, the verb “a panacota” means to steal. The noun forms "panacotar"," panacotist" formed by adding the suffixes "ar" and "ist" refers mainly to “human agents”.
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Zigu Ornea presents in this article the second volume of Anton Holban's works republished by the Minerva Publishing House. He particularly focuses on two books, the debut "Novel of Mirel" and "The Teachers' Parade" both inspired from the writer's experience as an adolescent and as a province town school teacher. These two books stand for their author achievement in portraying characters and his proustian approach in writing his novels.
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Ruxandra Ceseranu 's story initially written in Spanish then translated into English and finally rewritten in Romanian is an original imagery biography of the famous painter Salvador Dali. The story, "a statement" as the author calls it, reminds of Dali's paintings through its' elements of dreams. Title:"A Paranoid statement on the moustachy and wacky Salvador Dali.
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The first part of Gheorghe Grigurcu 's article on Constantin Baluta's book "Anthology of Romanian poetry after the Proletarian Cult Literature"is dedicated to the so-called second wave of Poets from the 60ies. The critic considers this anthology to be a token to those poets who less fortunate than their colleagues of generation were not published and recognized and a late make-up to these talented writers who had to stay in the shadow of great names such as Nikita Stanescu and Marin Sorescu.
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The President's new attitude on the issue of Romania's presence in the Central European space and "The Third Europe" movement in Timisoara are the opposite poles that make the subject of this article. On one hand the Power's opportunist attitude; on the other the constant diligent work of the group in Timisoara who despite the authorities' in Bucharest indifference and shortages of all kind succeeded to give a positive image of Romanian culture. Romania is not only a Balkan country but also a country belonging to a particular space in Europe, the Central Europe space.
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Nicolae Manolescu's article is dedicated to Vasile Alecsandri whose date of birth was celebrated by a few magazines. Although celebrated as the 180th anniversary, the precise date of the poet’s birth is not known, the author states, and further he brings into the reader's attention this 19th poet's destiny so typical for all Romanian intellectuals of the time. He made his studies in Paris embraced the 1848 ideals and shown interest in national history. The major national historical events mirrored in his work brought him the fame of "poet of the time". This may have nowadays a derogatory connotation but, concludes Nicolae Manolescu, Vasile Alecsandri's poetry is not to be judged out of the 19th century frame.
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The exploratory paper investigates the hybrid combustion-electric vehicle propulsion, with emphasis on its environmental impact. The author explains the principles of hybrid motor operation and design, studies its use in a variety of situations, and presents examples of its application. The advantages of hybrid motor application in passenger vehicles are considered. The author also presents a case study and her personal observations of a specific passenger vehicle with a hybrid motor.
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The legal security has become one of the basic criteria of quality of life of individuals and whole society. The current concept of consistency and transparency of legal systems is slightly disrupted due to economic globalization. Modern economy, based on new technologies and continuous innovation, requires uniform application of law by phenomenon of synergy, especially in the interpretation area. There are even efforts taken in creating one European Civil Code. But this is not the right way. It is necessary to implement process of harmonization of interpretation of legal acts. That phenomenon is a consequence of vertical overlapping of legal regulations (of European Union, national and international). Added to this is the issue of over-legislation. In this reality, behind organs, which create and apply law, arises new challenges. Such a phenomenon has already occurred before - in Roman law - created on the basement of law of nations, praetor law and ancient civil law. Therefore it is necessary to introduce new methods of interpreting the law, which will slowly allow to replace traditional legal systems and will provide adequate security level.
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The article, written in a form of an essay, is dedicated to the attitude of a scientist towards his research practice and the discipline (with special attention to educational studies). It is a reaction to a negative assessment of quality of education, as delivered by employers, academics and educators. Self-knowledge is considered herein as a fundamental factor that increases quality and utility of research. The author undertakes the problem of self-knowledge, identity of the discipline, paradigm of science, shortcomings in the procedure of science construction as well as methodological aspects and offers a set of auxiliary questions to be answered while constructing a research project, with an emphasis made on its utility.
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The article discusses a very important issue, namely the safety of students in school. Safety, not understood as accidents, which may happen to students (physical safety), but a sense of security: acceptance, understanding, lack of aggression from both the peer group, and teachers. This is a huge challenge for every school if it aspires to be students’ friendly. Parents, sending children to school, are convinced that they are secure and safe at this time. Is this actually true? What do young people think about this problem? These questions were the starting point for the following studies. One of the priority tasks that every school should pursue towards their pupils, is to give them a sense of security in its territory. A student who feels safe and confident in a group and establishes proper relationships with friends more easily, is more open to social contacts, quickly adapts to new tasks and challenges of its particular stage of education. A sense of security and satisfaction indirectly affects the educational achievements of students, which is not irrelevant to the evaluation of schools.
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Social security is a component of a broader concept, namely national security. The scope of the goods that make up social security, as well as the degree of formalization of the status on the ground of doctrine and law are complex. Generally it is associated with protection of the basis of life (existence) and the possibilities of development, as a prerequisite for social progress and satisfaction with life in the individual sense . This is done through, among others, legal solutions imposing certain duties on a country. This article includes some of them: Convention No. 102 of the International Labour Organization of 28 June 1952, the European Social Charter adopted 18 October 1961 which came into force on 26 February 1965, and was revised in 1996, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2007, the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland of 2007 and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997 The author of the article refers also to the feasibility of the disposals of these regulations under international and domestic law, paying particular attention to the increasing social needs that result from demographic processes.
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Late twentieth and early twenty-first century is characterized by major changes and new threats to the safety of European states and other continents. So far, issues of state and societies safety have been often associated with international conflicts and armed forces. Nowadays, armed forces meet one of the important features, but not the most important. The experience of recent years showed that the risk in the form of war is unlikely on the European continent. However, countries and citizens of Europe may not feel safe and secure. We have to expect a completely new quality of a crisis and conflict. One of the factors that shape the world in the twenty- first century is a religious aspect. These are especially new religious movements and sects. The attitude of states towards the above mentioned threats is therefore within the complex issue of democratic rights and freedoms. These do not only involve the right to religious freedom, but also the right to freedom of thought, expression, belief and association, as they grow from foundations of a democratic political system. Violations of these rights and freedoms by new religious movements and sects is a basic ground to empower the authorities of the united Europe to deal with this issue. All democracies face the problem of determining the relationship between State and the risks posed by sects.
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A safe state,The state is a political organization of the society inhabiting definite territory and having sovereignty in accordance with its politics, economy and social relations. The source of this sovereignty is comprehended by the majority of contemporary theoreticians of the politics, as a common wish of the majority members of society which is handed over to the government. The government realizes it by legal measures (also with the aid of apparatus of compulsion, giving every citizen a guarantee of safe life, development and existence, both for an individual citizen and a whole family is the highest, almost priceless, value. According to Article 146 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, the widely understood national security and security of its citizens, lies upon the Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister. President of the Council of Ministers is authorised by Article 148 of the Constitution and obliged to coordinate and control work of the ministers, issuing regulations, as well as to supervise the local government. He is empowered with appropriate legal instruments to enforce implementation of tasks by ministers, governors and representatives of the local government. Hereby among primary objectives of the Council of Ministers (Government) and the Prime Minister is to create and permanently enhance the security system so that such social needs are met, both in the period of peace and stability as well as in the time of changeable, internal and external threats. The government has an appropriate authority over the population living within a particular territory to establish and introduce an effective security system.
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