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The article reviews the present research and discourses on rapes committed by Red Army soldiers in Hungary. The article after defining two analytical frameworks present in the Hungarian historiography, the intentionalist and the structuralist, tries to overcome this dichotomy with analysing visual sources.
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World War II radically changed Polish society. Brutal occupation politics and farreaching deportations destroyed social structures and relations. This affected society as a whole and individuals in their social roles. Hence, the occupation of Poland in World War II also had an impact on gender roles and relations. The aim of this article is to re-examine the German occupation of Poland with a focus on the experiences of women and men during occupation. Firstly, I will resume the state of research regarding the experiences of female German occupiers, then looking at (sexual) power relations between the occupied and the occupiers, and then ask for the intrusion of German occupation in the established societal order in regard to gender. The paper aims at resuming the state of research and to open up a panorama of still under-researched questions.
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The purpose of this article is to show the survival strategies and the everyday life of Jewish women living on the so-called Aryan side in occupied Krakow and its surroundings. Ego-documents are the core source: relations and diaries collected in the Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, the Archives of Yad Vashem in Jerusalem and the Archives of the Metropolitan Curia in Kraków. A thorough analysis of the phenomenon is very complex, therefore this article only discusses the fate of the Jewish women who co-existed amongst Polish society rather than those who did not have ‘Aryan documents’ or could be betrayed by their appearance, and were thus forced to remain in hiding the whole time. The article not only pays attention to the survival strategies and ways in which they disguised their origins and identities, but it also explores the everyday life, family relationships, work and religious life of these women. The author’ s aim was not to analyse aid provided to Jewish women by non-Jews, or symmetrically, to synthesise problems regarding the selling out of Jews in occupied Krakow. Both issues do appear in the article, but rather as background to the individual cases, since they were, in fact, inseparable elements of any survival strategy on the Aryan side in the GG ‘capital’. The article also notes the absence of certain topics in the interviews, related to the daily life of Jewish women in hiding, which makes a more comprehensive analysis difficult.
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This text is an attempt to depict the broad theme of Polish women’ s involvement within the structures of the Polish Victory Service, the Union for Armed Struggle and the Home Army (SZP/ZWZ/AK) in years 1939–1945. In the first part, it discusses the involvement of women in the struggle for independence, and subsequently in its defence in the years 1914–1921. In the second part, it examines the tasks conducted under the auspices of the Women’ s Military Service and related organisations in the preparation of women for the upcoming war in defence of independence, finishing with a brief description of women’s participation in the Polish campaign of 1939. The third part is devoted to the formal place of female soldiers both within the structures of the SZP-ZWZ-AK, and broadly – Polish Armed Forces in general. The fourth shows female soldiers’ involvement within the military structure of the Polish Underground State on specific individual examples.
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The tradition of Polish women participating in pro-independence activities dates back to the nineteenth century. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, they had joined political parties and participated in the military preparations undertaken by these parties. In 1918 they even created the first female military formation – the Voluntary Legion of Women, which took part in the war on the border of the Second Republic. The next phase was their participation in the preparation of defence during the interwar period, followed by service in the Polish Victory Service/Union for Armed Struggle/Home Army (SZP-ZWZ-AK) in 1939–1945. A female unit, code-named ‘Cooperative’, was established in the structures of the SZP’s Department I (Organisational) Chief Command, and led by Col. Maria Wittek. The most important organisational development of the Women’ s Military Service took place in 1942. After renaming the Union for Armed Struggle (ZWZ) to the Home Army (AK), the Commander of Home Army issued order No. 59 on 25 February 1942, which formally established the WSK (Women’ s Military Service) and published detailed guidance on its operation. As an official task, it was foreseen that – in addition to sanitary service, communications, administrative, and economic and educational propaganda – women would also take part in acts of sabotage, intelligence and combat. For this reason women in the underground army were not only invited to join male sabotage subunits, but they also created their own ones. The latter teams included the Women Mining Patrol (KPM) and the Women’ s Department of Subversion and Sabotage, code-named ‘Discus’. The KPM was established in March 1940. Until 1942 they were part of the Union of Retaliation, and in November of that year they joined the Kedyw. The commander was Zofia Franio. ‘Discus’ was also established (in April 1942) within the structures of the Union of Retaliation, and then Kedyw, under the command of Lt. Wanda ‘Lena’ Gertz. Sabotage tasks by both troops began as early as 1942. The largest level of action by the KPM took place in 1942–1943, and ‘Discus’ in 1943–1944. In late 1943, members of both troops were withdrawn from diversionary actions and redirected toward preparations for the uprising, which included aiding in the production of incendiary bottles and gathering them in specially prepared quarters. At the outbreak of the uprising, the two female sabotage and diversion troops were reorganised. KPM ceased to operate within the structures of the Kedyw Warsaw District and was recreated into 16-member Female Branch of Sappers led by Dr. Franio, with the remaining mine layers sent to various male branches. The ‘Discus’ unit passed to the structures of Lt.-Col. Jan ‘Radosław’ Mazurkiewicz. It is difficult to precisely determine the number of women performing diversionarysabotage tasks, as many of them were not registered. During the occupation, ‘Discus’ consisted of approx. 100 members and KPM approx. 50. During the uprising, in total there were around 100 women performing these tasks, which accounted for only 1.4% of the women fighting in the Army at that time. Most members of the underground army acted as messengers or nurses, or performed other auxiliary tasks.
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This text is an attempt to connect the reflection on historiography and collective memorywith the perspective of gender studies regarding historical writings on the Warsaw Uprising.The article tracks the various stages or ‘ideal types’ of professional and popular historiography and memory of the Warsaw Uprising seen from the perspective of the visibilityand position of women: false universalism of a large part of professional historiography of the uprising and the resulting invisibility of women and their experience in historical works; compensatory works that fill the ‘white spots’ of classical historiography, treating the history of women as a mere addition to the history of World War II; as well as the recent ‘herstorical turn’, characterised by a growing interest in women and the distinctiveness of their experiences. The article concludes with a reflection on the theoretical and methodological pitfalls of the ‘herstorical turn’ and attempts to put the phenomenon in broader socio-political context of current cultural wars in Poland.
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The paper presents results of the experimental study on the role of commitment and emotions in an influence of remembrance narratives. It offers brief theoretical introduction to the government’ s remembrance policy and its main features and then it compares these hypotheses with experimental observations. The study shows how manipulations ofcommitment and emotions influence memorization of information, change of attitudes towards the remembrance and behavior in real-life. Moreover, the paper discusses results of participant’ s self-assessment after an exposition to a narrative and their evaluation of its contents. As the result, theoretical considerations and research results enabled authors to present final conclusions and to state five new theoretical hypotheses on the impact ofcommitment and emotions on the effectiveness of remembrance story-telling.
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The author discusses the problem of multiculturalism in German society. He notes that in this society are growing expectations for communication structures, as well as the willingness to communicate. This society needs institutionally empowered and charismatic pontifices maximae, bridge-builders who mediate between cultures. All who unite two or more cultures in the context of the history of life and families, are predisposed to serve the society. The author states that this important ministry in civil society may comply Christians, especially the from Roman Catholic Church, if they take the reflection of the original meaning of their being in the Church. The Church is for the people of the world, and not for itself. In conclusion author points out that multiculturalism challenge of our time is to not only profess Catholicism, and thus multiculturalism, but also to live according to it, starting from their own spheres, and then make these experiences fruitful for society.
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As author notes, in contemporary culture it is promoted subjectivism, relativism, hedonism and usability. We have to remember that people, not other beings, animate, develop or degrade culture. In the culture person is the most important and therefore the task of the university is the humanization of culture. It seems that contemporary culture, through the implementation and consolidation of axiological and relational thinking of students, makes it difficult to precisely contact with the real person and its humanity. There is therefore a need to drive yourself into being - identify substances and mini links which exist between these substances. The author states that the acquisition of such skills will bring wisdom. University paideia must therefore be improving human wisdom, because it the most fully captures the human bond of truth and goodness, and it solids staying at what is true and good.
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The article compares the descriptions of revenge presented in works of Feliks Koneczny, St. Thomas Aquinas and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Although this thinkers consider the problem from different points of view, they are mutually agreed and mutually reinforcing on many issues. This is the case of Koneczny and St. Thomas. Thanks to their works we learn how to misunderstood revenge, the foundations of which we should see in social justice and solidarity, may cause disastrous consequences for society. Polish thinker presented the evolution of revenge in the primary associations and evil that was carrying with it. Whereas Aquinas considered the revenge from the moral point of view. He explained when it becomes a good action, and when it can be a sin. Jean-Jacques Rousseau presented an entirely different from the Christian thought philosophical point of view. In this article it was stressed that his conclusions doesn’t coincide with the views of the two other thinkers.
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In his article the author notes that there was a physical rivalry since the dawn of history. One of its manifestations were ancient gladiatorial fights. The Romans took over the infamous habit from the Etruscans. The author notes that the Romans initiated the fights of slaves with wild animals. In these fights mostly Christians attended, as well as convicts and criminals. An analogy in relation to the gladiatorial in modern times we see mainly in the following sports: professional boxing, kick boxing, MMA, K -1, KSW 28, EFC Africa, Thai boxing. In these disciplines there is a large number of injuries that are chronic, severe and rivalry too often ends in death. The author states that a major problem in contemporary sport is doping, which affects the vast majority of the representatives of sports, brutalization compete in sports arenas which is an emotional outlet in street fighting fans. The author stresses that we must remember that the sport is for good mental and physical development of human being.
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In this article the author focuses on the virtue of courage in the life and works of polish XIXth century writer, Maria Rodziewiczowna. She was born in a very difficult time in the Polish history, just after the January Uprising (the Uprising of 1863) against the Russian Empire. Upbringing in the old, noble family and education in the school conducted by blessed Marcelina Darowska helped Rodziewiczowna develop a strong character and willingness to dedicate her life to the others by conscientious work and selflessness. Her moral attitude is reflected also in her novels. Her book characters are deeply attached to their father’s land, faith, tradition, honour and dignity. In the time of oppression and disrespect for human dignity Rodziewiczowna as well as her characters works to develop the ancient virtue of courage. Because of the disproportionately bigger strenghts of the enemy, the lesser-known form of courage was needed. It is endurance in the face of adversity. But this virtue has to be built by being faithful in the small works of everyday life. The author of the article is analyzing characters shown in Rodziewiczowna’s books in the light of Jacek Woroniecki’s Catholic Educational Ethics. After deeper inquiry it becomes visible, that Rodziewiczowna’s thought is deeply rooted in catholic ethics and conception of moral excellence – virtue. Because of the difficult situation of Poland and it’s citiziens in XIXth and XXth century the virtue of courage was so strongly emphasized in the works of Maria Rodziewiczowna.
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The author discusses the problems of the early panegyrics by John Thomas Józefowicz, from Lvov, who was associated with the Academy of Krakow. The author selects a few most important panegyrics, which illustrate an intellectual work of Józefowicz, with the elements of philosophy and theology. Discussed panegyrics from the period when Józefowicz was a professor of philosophy (in the years 1684-1693) at the University of Krakow are the most representative of Lvov historian and chronicler. Panegyrics written in the nineties the seventeenth century and the first decade of the eighteenth century refer to the current affairs of the Chapter of Lvov (for example Constantine Joseph Zielinski choice for the post of archbishop) or are devoted to people from the circle of Lvov monastic life. The work of Józefowicz indicates his high erudition, excellent poetic mastery of the Latin language and a thorough education in the humanities. He moves freely in many scientific fields, including in theology, philosophy, history and literature. He shows a great knowledge of classical works by such thinkers as Virgil, Horace and Lucian. As a result of his extensive biography, he used his knowledge not only in the creative process, but also in the important church positions, which he occupied later in the Archdiocese of Lvov.
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It is obvious that from the very beginning Christianity considered oneself a religion of the Logos, as a religion compatible with reason. In this sense, Christianity had not the precursors among other religions. Does this mean the superiority of Christianity, Europe and the Philosophy of the other religions and continents? Here we have something paradoxical: Christianity through its universalism can discover the value and truth in all traditions, these elements by which we unite with everyone. But how can be something universal, if it is within the context of a just culture and religion? Answer contain the following words: “In the beginning was the Word (Logos), and the Word was with God, and the Word was God” (John 1.1). It was reason-Word (Logos) with the universal dimension allows to conduct a real dialogue between different cultures and religions. And therefore, if a culture is potentially open to dialogue, wishes to hold a universal dimension. And that is why Christianity is a specific and at the same time universal religion.
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The article consists of three parts. In the first part the authoress presents descent and education of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset. In the second part she discusses the concept of Ortega’s philosophy, sociology and ratiovitalism. In the last part the authoress describes the influence of the Ortega at later times. Ortega’s legacy is assessed by Polish authors in different ways. He is even accused of lack of integrity, lack of consistency in the use of terms or lack of originality. Similarly, we can come across a variety of opinions when we consider his topicality. However, in addition to the impressive achievements we cannot be indifferent. We can find here the analysis and the specific interpretation of the world, human being, society and culture. Ortega pointed out both the sources of the crisis of culture in which he lived, but also the remedies. Without a doubt, an astute observer of reality became a teacher of many generations of intellectuals, not only in Spain, but all over the world.
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The authoress analyzes the political actions of Ronald Reagan, whose political and religious opinions, as well as his intellectual aversion to the ideology of communism led to collapse this ideology in Eastern Europe and have helped to overthrow the Iron Curtain and the Soviet Union. Ronald Reagan’s presidency shows that Reagan understood it as a mission to defeat and overcome communism. President Reagan against their opponents consistently pursued a tough policy towards the Soviet Union to overcome it without violence and without firing a shot. The authoress points out that the mutual cooperation of President Ronald Reagan and John Paul II and their common experience of communism in Eastern Europe led to the release from the yoke of communism, the fall of the Berlin Wall and to the restoration freedom and dignity to enslaved by totalitarianism nations. The authoress confronts together the views of supporters and opponents of President Ronald Reagan. She noted that after the death of Ronald Reagan, many opponents recognized his greatness and contribution to the fall of communism and the end of the Cold War era.
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In this article the author tries to analyze extraordinary life of famous painter Vincent van Gogh. The article consists of eight parts. The author stars with the general characteristic of Vincent’s childhood, which was the product of a strict Calvinist upbringing, and his first apprenticeship with the international art dealers, Goupil. The second part concentrates on Vincent’s attempts to follow in his father’s footsteps, his preoccupation with religion and study of the Bible, which led him to missionary work as a lay-preacher in the Borinage, a coal-mining district in Belgium. In the third part the author tries to show the beginnings of van Gogh’s art work, but the author notes that Vincent wasn’t really interested in following any traditional art education. In another part of the article the author concentrates on stormy relationship with Clasina Maria Hoornik, better known as Sien, a woman older than Vincent. In the fifth part author notes that Vincent finally understood that to be taken seriously as an artist, he had to come to Paris, where he befriended many of the aspiring artists of the day. The six part concentrates on van Gogh’s staying on the south to Arles, in Provence and his unsuccessful attempt to realize the biggest dream of his life, establish an artists’ colony, a “Studio in the South”, as he called it, where artists could work together in a collegiate culture. In another part of the article the author focuses on tragic consequences of Paul Gauguin’s stays in Arles – Vincent suffered repeated episodes of mental instability and madness. At the end of the article the author concentrates on van Gogh’s stays in Auvers and the mystery of his tragic death.
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The theme of the article is the biography of Le Corbusier, as well as his work. Le Corbusier was born on October 6, 1887 in the village of La Chaux- de Fonds, he died on 27 August 1965 in Cap Martin. He was a French architect, urban planner, sculptor, as well as a leading representative of the modernist international movement. The author presents the process of education this French architect, as well as his activities, also in Soviet Russia. He also discusses Le Corbusier’s interests of alchemy as well as his participation in the adoption of the so-called. Athens Charter. The author also presents profiles of Le Corbusier’s successors: Hannes Meyer and Ernst May.
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