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Author comments on the changes in his approach to questions concerning action and perception, current and future status of ecological psychology, as well as specificity of human nature.
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The notion of affordance has been introduced by Gibson (1977, 1979) as the feature of an object or the environment that allows the observer to perform an action, a set of “environmental supports for an organism’s intentional activities” (Reybrouck 2005). Studied under very different perspectives, this concept has become a crucial issue not only for the ecological psychology, but also for cognitive sciences, artificial intelligence studies, and philosophy of mind. This variety of approaches has widened the already ambiguous definition originally provided by Gibson, contributing to the development of different standpoints in open contrast with each other (see Zipoli Caiani 2011). During the last two decades, moreover, many researchers tried to extend the notion also to musical experience, aiming to draw a coherent theory of musical affordances (e.g. Clarke 2005; Nussbaum 2007; Krueger 2011a; 2011b). In this paper, we will argue for a particular concept of musical affordances, that is, as we see it, one narrower and less ambiguous in scope and more closely related to its original. Taking the discovery of canonical neurons as our starting point, we will (i) introduce the general notion of affordance, (ii) discuss some significant contributions in this area of research, mostly focusing on musical affordances and (iii) propose a motor-based interpretation of musical affordances.
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The work of Ezequiel Di Paolo and Hanne De Jaegher has helped to transform the enactive approach from relative obscurity into a hotly debated contender for the future science of social cognition and cognitive science more generally. In this short introduction I situate their contributions in what I see as important aspects of the bigger picture that is motivating and inspiring them as well as the rest of this young community. In particular, I sketch some of the social issues that go beyond mere academic debate, including how the methods and assumptions that inform orthodox cognitive science are intrinsically related to the critical state of affairs in our world today. I conclude with some personal recollections in order to give an idea of the context in which their ideas, and mine as well, came to fruition.
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Gibson rozwinął koncepcję afordancji, uzupełniając za jej pomocą swoją teorię percepcji bezpośredniej, która stoi w wyraźnej opozycji do popularnych teorii percepcji pośredniej. Porównanie ze sobą tych dwóch podejść pokazuje, że różnice pomiędzy nimi dotyczą również ontologii percepcji. W artykule tym przedstawiamy zarówno historię pojęcia afordancji, jak i późniejsze jego formalizacje, omawiając przy tym konkurujące ze sobą sposoby rozumienia tego terminu. Następnie przechodzimy do krótkiego przeglądu badań empirycznych nad zagadnieniem afordancji, wskazując na znaczenie teorii układów dynamicznych w tychże badaniach. W niniejszym tekście nie zabrakło również odniesienia do często pomijanego wątku, czyli do powiązań myśli Gibsona z wybranymi przestawicielami filozofii kontynentalnej.
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In this paper, we consider the influence of Gibson's affordance theory on the design of robotic agents. Affordance theory (and the ecological approach to agent design in general) has in many cases contributed to the development of successful robotic systems; we provide a brief survey of AI research in this area. However, there remain significant issues that complicate discussions on this topic, particularly in the exchange of ideas between researchers in artificial intelligence and ecological psychology. We identify some of these issues, specifically the lack of a generally accepted definition of "affordance" and fundamental differences in the current approaches taken in AI and ecological psychology. While we consider reconciliation between these fields to be possible and mutually beneficial, it will require some flexibility on the issue of direct perception.
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I provide an analysis of the concept of an “affordance” that enables one to conceive of “structural affordance” as a kind of affordance relation that might hold between an agent and its body. I then review research in the science of humanoid bodily movement to indicate the empirical reality of structural affordance.
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Autor komentuje zmiany w swoim podejściu do zagadnień działania i percepcji, bieżący oraz przyszły status psychologii ekologicznej, a także specyfikę natury ludzkiej.
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Przedstawiam analizę koncepcji “afordancji” umożliwiającej pojęcie „afordancji strukturalnej” jako rodzaju afordancyjnej relacji, która miałaby miejsce pomiędzy agentem a jego ciałem. Następnie dokonuję przeglądu badań nad ruchem ciała humanoidalnego, aby zidentyfikować empiryczną realność afordancji strukturalnej.
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