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The archaeological discovery of four cloves of garlic in a Neolithic necropolis from Iclod (Cluj county) within a child’s grave determined us to discuss its magical-ritual purpose. The paper has been written around this hypothesis. The cloves of garlic were found in a small pot within the child grave. In order to demonstrate our idea we detailed the multiple uses of Allium sativum during time, starting with the clear historical evidence discovered by archaeologists in ancient China, Egyptian tombs, classical Greece, from the Roman period and the Middle Ages. The legends and traditional beliefs about garlic in Romania and other European countries are also reviewed.
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The present article presents some objects of plastic art from the Eneolithic Gumelnita culture, which were discovered at the beginning of the 20th Century in a tell on the area of the Jilava comune, county Ilfov, the site being destroyed during quarrying for gravel. According to some soundings excavated by Dinu V. Rosetti in 1929-1931, at the site Magura Jilava the existence of a single settlement layer of phase B1 of the Gumelnita culture was documented. Due to the planned exploitation of gravel, before the soundings very many objects had been collected from the site. Many of these finds, discovered by chance, were bought by Dr. Constantin Istrati-Capsa for his personal exhibition, which was to form a basis for the second museum institution in Drobeta-Turnu-Severin founded in 1924, named Muzeul Dr. C. I. Istrati. The heritage from this museum was transferred to the Museum of the Iron Gates’ Region in the early 1950´s, where a large part of the former Istrati-Capsa collection is still preserved today. Among the materials of this collection there are nine anthropomorphic-zomorphic sculptures, of which six have never been published: the fragment of an anthropomorphic vessel, an anthropomorphic bone figurine, the clay reprezentation of an hedgehog and three vessel-lids with anthropomorphic handles. In addition there are two pots of daily use and a miniature house discovered by chance at the same Magura Jilava site and which complement the Gumelnita material in the collection of the Museum of the Iron Gates’ Region.
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Die Inschriften zeigen, dass die Einheiten von Tibiscum mehrmals die Legion aus Apulum in verschiedenen Kriegszügen unterstützte. Auch legio XIII Gemina half, wenn es nötig war, der Garnison von Tibiscum. Eine Arbeitsvexillation der Legion hatte wahrscheinlich am Anfang der römischen Herrschaft in Dakien die erste Bauphase aus Stein des Lagers von Tibiscum errichtet. Die epigraphische Evidenz zeigt uns eine genug enge Bindung zwischen den Auxiliartruppen von Tibiscum und dem Oberkommando der Provinz, mit Sitz in Apulum, ins besonders im 3. Jahrhundert. n. Chr. Die militärische Beziehungen zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie hatte auch die wirtschaftlichen Verbindungen ermutigt. So kann man bemerken, dass die von Tibiscum stammenden suri negotiatores in Apulum tätig waren.
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Die vorliegende Studie ist eine rumänische Variante des Beitrages, der in der Festschrift für Herrn Tudor Soroceanu erscheinen soll, die in der Reihe Biblioteca Historica et Archaeologica in Temeschwar vorbereitet wird. Dort erscheint der gesamte Artikel auf Deutsch.
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This article dedicated to bishops Teofil and Atanasie is part from a collaboration, within the Research programme Unirea religioasa a unei parti a românilor ardeleni cu Biserica Romei (Religious union of a part of Romanians from Transylvania with the Church of Rome), on the agreement between „1 Decembrie 1918” University and „Pro Oriente” Foundation from Vienna. Within the context of researching and interpreting history of Romanians from Transylvania from after the middle of the XVIIth century, beginning from the rapport between State – Church and the syntagm power-culture, in the direction of three coordinates – identity, ideology and representation – are presented and valorized stages and moments from life and activity of bishops Teofil and Atanasie, in the service of the Church and Romanians from Transylvania. If we agree with a certain historiographic formula, according which Religious Union of a part of Romanians from Transylvania with the Church of Rome conferred them the quality of instrumentum regni, then it is proper to report the moment of Teofil (? – 1697) to the effective debuts of the Union, and ending – on the whole – of this difficult process is reported to ruling of Atanasie Anghel (? – 1713), during whom cultural and political demands of Romanians from Transylvania refine, until a certain point of the fight, preparing Romanian society from Transylvania for the moment of Inochentie Micu-Klein, with the sum of national and political demands. As a matter of fact, Religious Union of a part of Romanians from Transylvania with the Church of Rome, in the spirit of the Synod from Florence, on the line of a congruence between eastern and western civilization of Europe, had as ideological and pragmatical base two coordinates: preserving ancient tradition, that is return to Church of Rome (on the line proposed byGherontie Cotore) inclusively acknowledging the Church of the Romanians from Transylvania together with their religion among the acknowledged denominations and their acceptance amongst privileged nations from the political system of the Transylvanian principality. From this view of research and historical interpretation the biographies of bishops Teofil and Atanasie Anghel must be understood, within their essential stages and moments.
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Result of association in a homogeneous system of some elements inherited or taken over, of interferences and own experiences, Romanic sculpture was generator of some original shapes, of intense circulation and wide geographical spread in early medieval Europe. Sculptures from Roman-Catholic cathedral from Alba Iulia – objective integrated to our study – are defining for the characteristics of Roman Transylvanian plastic, within choice and interpretation of the ornamental repertoire. Without knowing the abundance and diversity of manifestations occurred within Occidental plastic, Romanic sculpture from the Roman-Catholic cathedral from Alba Iulia made use of all the experiences of Romanic art in the field of architectonical decorum: the combination of joints offered by apparent masonry; discrete geometrical and vegetal motifs, purely decorative or the high expression of anthropomorphous and zoomorphic figurative.
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The study presents a few altar objects that recently entered the collection of the museum, which were recuperated with similar artefacts of the wooden church from Hapria, deallocated in 2006 due to its severe deterioration. There are reviewed procedures of restoration-conservation to which the vigil lamps, censer and incense box were subjected to, as well as the way of reconstructing the constitutive elements that disappeared over time. In addition, the composition of the metal or alloy from which the pieces were made is referred to, taking as guiding marks interesting and useful information mentioned by some parish „chronicles” from the second half of the XIXth century, as well as from the history of metallurgy. Finally, there are revealed a few aspects concerning the symbolistim of analysed cult pieces and the substances used together with them along the officiation of the priestly ritual.
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Câlnic village is situated in south-eastern of Alba County, in the southern part of Plateau Secaselor, in the piedmont area of Cindrelului Mountains, on a left tributary of the river Secasul Mare, at a distance of 28 km of Alba Iulia and 15 km from Sebes. From the Cotofeni culture settlement, phase III b, derived a faunal sample of 590 bones, presented in this paper (table 1). The wild species, according to estimates amount to around 22% of the total presumed individuals, confirming the well circumscribed position of hunting in the food and utility; palette resources provided by large-sized game (deer, aurochs), medium or low (wild boar, fallow deer, hare) will be diverse, including meat, skins, fur, bone and horn. However the management of domestic species is more important than the game segment, it includes in descending order sheep-goat, cattle and pig. Slaughter age profiles suggest different exploiting of species (fig. 1). In the case of small ruminants two cutting „peaks” are found: one up to a year and the next over 4 years, a schedule that would correspond to a large extent to exploitation of meat and dairy products. There is a maximum of cattle slaughter (41.7 %) between 2 -3 years, so during highest fertility. Certainly animals selected for slaughter were primarily male. Killing at that time was obviously for meat. A second cut-peak maximum is reached after 4 - 5 years, and there are individuals of 5 -7 or 9- 11years old. Certainly by-products are sought in this case. For pigs the descending way of their curve is clearly observed in the graph 1, which means marked slaughter up to three years and then reduced. Meat production is ensured by slaughtering throughout the year, keeping an important animal as breeding stock. Perhaps Cotofeni communities, at least towards the end of their evolution, will have undergone some changes that would affect economic life: 1. the composition change of domestic stocks to refocus the animal production on ovicaprids exploitation, 2. an efficiency management of herds, focusing on by-products, especially in the case of cattle, species that required some efforts of livestock maintenance, especially during winter. Exploitation of wildlife in Cotofeni settlements of the territory of Romania is little known although there are currently a number of sites with zooarchaeological analyses. According to these data, it appears clear that inhabitants of Cotofeni settlements practiced the hunting of a variety of mammals for meat, hides, horn and bone in addition to breeding.
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The articol presents 273 coins, belonging to the numismatic collection of the History Museum of Aiud, stamped between 1867-1947 by Carol I, Ferdinand I, Carol II and Mihai I, the sovereigns of the romanian Royal Dinasty at that time. There are also presented coins emitted after the monetary stabilization on 15th of August 1947.
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This study proposes a grouping of earrings decorated with curled wire, that were discovered on the actual territory of Romania, a typology and chronology of them. An overview of the issue for the countries from Central Europe and of south-east was presented at the beginning. There follows a repertoire of discoveries from Romania, organized on types of sites (necropolises, settlements and discoveries of unstated type). The type of discoveries has been analysed, as well as the manufacturing materials, execution techniques (for lock-rings, rods and decor). Type I is represented by pieces from Alba Iulia-Statia de salvare, Coconi-Caldarea, Craiova-Fântâna Obedeanu, Dridu-La Metereze, Nufarul-La Piatra, Pacuiul lui Soare and Portaresti-Cetatuie; Pl.1/1-5, 8, 14, 15-18. This had probably the widest spread, being encountered in Korbovo, Bizeljske, Pilin, etc. Typology of pieces from Romania Type Ia (Suceava, Trifesti; Pl.1/19, 21). The piece from Suceava was discovered probably in the same context with another earring decorated with a round setting from silver wire. Similar pieces were discovered in Wallachia in the necropolis from Vadul Anei, being dated throughout the XVIth century. Unfortunately the stratigraphic context and chronology are not very evident for this piece. The piece from the second locality dates from the XIIIth-XIVth centuries. Type Ib (Trifesti; Pl. 1/20). At the moment we do not dispose of definite analogies for this piece, but on the base of general dating of the necropolis it may be dated similarly with the previous piece that came from the same locality. Type II (Craiova-Fântâna Obedeanu; Pl. 1/6-7) has analogies in discoveries from Macedonia, from Prilep, Kocani or from Serbia, in Ribnica. In this last locality, a sheet pendant was additionally added in the lower part of the rod. Type III (Isaccea; Pl.1/10-11) consists, in fact, of the pendants of some earrings. Similar pendants were also discovered only in Niš and Kocani. Pieces from Mâlesti and Hudum-Dealul Hudumului, necropolis 2 cannot be framed within a certain type or variant, they not being whole pieces. In the same situation are pieces from Bornis, Cetateni-Muscel and Cetatea Neamtului, which were not published with illustration or depiction.
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