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Academic presentations are hard to teach and students frequently have difficulties in their preparation and delivery. This article aims to present some of the findings of researchers in this area related to communication apprehension encountered both by native and non-native speakers of English. It also discusses the notion of high- and low-context cultures as well as various types of organization of presentations and overviews presentations as a process rather than a product developed with New Bulgarian University (NBU) students of EFL courses at level B1-B2 according to CEFR.
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Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty which resists conventional teaching methods. The phonological deficit hypothesis of dyslexia determines the present day focus on phonics targeting the primary area of difficulties experienced by learners with dyslexia – decoding. Phonological instruction, however, needs to be accompanied by the development of comprehension skills and presented within a rich language environment. Verbal memory and processing difficulties, typically associated with dyslexia, as well as other frequently co-occurring disorders require the adoption of a number of additional strategies for the teaching of reading to learners with dyslexia. The paper identifies a number of them: multi-sensory approaches, systematic (structured, cumulative and sequential) instruction, over-learning, reinforcement and metacognition. It recognizes the need of time, task and materials differentiation. The choice of particular teaching methods should take into account both the learner’s weaknesses and strengths. Such individually adapted teaching makes the successful inclusion of learners with dyslexia possible in the mainstream classroom.
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Writing is a discussion held by Ülo Tedre, Enn Ernits, Mikk Sarv, Madis Kõiv, Vello Lõugas, Tõnis Vint, Ants Viires, Ülo Stöör, and Heino Eelsalu about colours, numbers, and shapes in our ancestors’ worldview.
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One of the questions perpetually plaguing the critics of Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw is whether the ghosts are real or the governess had lost her mind. This paper offers an interpretation of James’ novella from the viewpoint of the Gothic novel, and the author draws parallels between the actions and behavior of the young and impressionable governess and those of a heroine from the Gothic genre, taking into account the governess’ narrative style, her repressed self, the evil she faces and finally, the overall position of governesses in Victorian society. The result is an aligning of James’ protagonist with the generally accepted image of a Gothic heroine, thus working towards the conclusion that, seen from the perspective of the Gothic novel, the ghosts are real and the governess is caught in a battle between good and evil, fighting for the children’s souls.
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This article analyses Enlightenment ideas and nation-making practices in the American Civil War and pre-War civil societies. It analyses African American mobilization and the abolitionist movement, and Lincoln’s role in war, reconciliation and development. The international context is investigated in a case for relational nation making. The role of non-violent mobilization is assessed. It examines the war’s social revolutionary implications. The war’s unprecedented violence anticipated 20th century total war, fundamentally deciding the republic’s future. State/civil society interactions, and changes in public moral perception, reshape longstanding institutional arrangements, and decide core ethical issues including the meaning of humanity.
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According to a recent study by the Dresden University of Technology (TUD) under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Vorländer, the PEGIDA movement is seen as a protest movement with rightist-populist premises and the average participant of the PEGIDA-demonstrations in the capital city of Saxony belongs to the middle class. The study states that the general “dissatisfaction with politics” is the dominant motive driving the protest’s participants, but that “basic enmity towards immigrants and asylum seekers” is also one of the motives, wherein the “reservations towards Muslims and respectively Islam” are expressed especially (Vorländer 2015). In this text the author deals with the question of why exactly does the image of Islam function as a catalyst for this dissatisfaction and shows that PEGIDA, in terms of its ingrained “image of the enemy Islam” isn’t a new phenomenon, but that it draws upon an already existing enmity towards Muslims.
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The paper focuses on the category of semantic subject and its syntactical representation. The concept of subject is shaped by extra-linguistic knowledge and personal experiences as well as by people’s linguistic knowledge. The concept of subject, among other components, includes accumulated knowledge of the semantic roles which the grammatical subject may have in a sentence. The variety of roles accounts for the radially structured category of subject, with some members more central than others. The prototypical grammatical subject – an agent subject − is expressed by the nominative case of a noun which precedes the verb and is typically represented by an animate initiator or do-er of an action. Other types of subject are scattered within the syntactical category of subject being more central or peripheral. Translation-wise, the most “treacherous” types are the peripheral ones.
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The first stage of the Croatian War of Independence ended with the international recognition of the Republic of Croatia. In the early 1992 the second stage of the war began. During the second stage, the Croatian Army began liberating the occupied territory and that culminated with the military operations in 1995. The military operations were carried out on previously determined battlefields, and among those the most important one was held in the area surrounding the capital of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK). Battlefield or area of operations included an area of responsibilities assigned to a unit, the surrounding territory that can affect the military operations and the airspace directly above it. The surrounding area of the Knin battlefield included the mountain range Dinara with its karst features and distinctive vertical division. The specific configuration of the Knin valley enabled the implementation of the digital military and geographical analysis which included the analysis of inclination or the ability to move operation techniques and personnel, analysis of exposure or the potential of protection and clandestinety of the relief and other specific secondary analysis such as tank operational mobility. The object of this work is to create a digital model for the operational areas, and its aimsare based on the DTM show of the military and geographical features of Knin and its surrounding areas.
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In this text we give an overview and a concise analysis of the reaction of Islamic organisations in Germany and the public debates in connection with the attack on the editorial board of the satirical weekly “Charlie Hebdo”. The attacks in Paris at the beginning of this year which were committed by attackers who, as Muslims, likely wanted revenge for the caricature of the Prophet, initiated a large wave of solidarity and numerous protests in Germany. The Coordinating Council of Muslims in Cologne (KRM) published a joint statement after the attacks in which it most harshly condemns the “cowardly attack on the editorial board of Charlie Hebdo”. Through these statements, the representatives of the KRM-communities communicated the general mood of the Muslims in Germany to the wider public. The Muslims were, namely, apart from some socially marginalised radical examples, unified in condemning this terrorist act despite the confessional and ethnic intonation and the ideological differences.
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Based on the original archival material on the rebelled Croatian Serbs, which is kept in the Croatian Memorial and Documentation Centre of the Homeland War (CMDCHW), and the documentation from the Directorate for Detained and Missing Persons of the Croatian Ministry of Veterans, as well as existing publications and professional literature, the authors tried to show the suffering of the members of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) armed forces and of the local civilian population during and after the implementation of the Croatian liberation operations „the Flash“ and „the Storm“ in May and August of 1995. In doing so, they primarily used the computer base of the CMDCHW in which all the available data on population casualties in the Republic of Serbian Krajina during the course of these military operations are stored, whether they are based on seized Serbian documents or on the documents which the Directorate for Detained and Missing Persons of the Croatian Ministry of Veterans had given to the CMDCHW (there are lists of killed – identified and missing Krajina soldiers and civilians during the course of „the Flash“ and „the Storm“). The death or disappearance of some of the victims are thus seen through more individual perspectives, with emphasis on their status (a soldier or a civilian), gender, manner and circumstances of death/disappearance, as well as the perpetrator of the casualties. Due to the volume of the matter, the emphasis was on collective data (to put it more simply, we were trying to determine how many soldiers and how many civilians had been among the victims; in which regions of the RSK they had resided; how many men and how many women had been among them; how many had died in combat, had been missing or had committed a suicide; who was the cause of suffering: Croatian troops or the armed forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina,etc.). The authors believe that this is still largely untreated issue whose survey, conducted on a scientific basis, should ultimately contribute to a clearer understanding of the complex events in Croatia during 1995, but also to a better understanding of the Homeland War in general. Regardless of that, the text should be considered only a modest contribution to a future, more concrete treatment of these extremely interesting and elaborate issues.
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The term tribe is the most controversial concept in modern anthropology, ethnology, sociology and history. Many modern researchers believe that this concept is generated by the colonial era and is a «colonial myth» or a «historiographical phantom», and on this basis it has to be rejected in the modern research practice. This article shows how the notion of tribe (and the attitudes to it) had been configured and was changing over time. It is stated that the term and the concept behind it the tribe has not lost its relevance, heuristic, and its use is extremely important for anthropologists to maintain their own professional self-identity. The concept of tribe is complementary to the key concept of political anthropology ― chiefdom.
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The paper is devoted to the different interpretations of the term «tribe». The author concludes that modern science does not give a clear answer to the question, what is a «tribe». In modern literature dominates ethnic and social constructivism, extrapolating the past speculative model of the Marxist theory of primitive society. In encyclopaedic and educational literature a «tribe» is declared as primitive ethnopotestarian (ethnosocial) institute combining ethnic community and potestarian organization. The Soviet social tribes are considered as the primary form of ethnic community (as part of the well-known triad «tribe – nation – a nation»). In foreign historiography tribe is defined as the segmental «nadobschinnoy» political structure. Each segment in it (community, lineage) is economically independent, and leadership is personal and does not involve any formal positions. In evolutionary schemes tribe is usually placed between the primitive community and the chiefdom. The author concludes that the concept of «tribe» is characterized by the loss of the uniqueness of the terminology and the conversion to a phantom. At the same time the modern Russian ethnologist are refused to use of the concept a «tribe» and a term «ethnos» and his derivatives are used, and also «people», not having stadial attachment and not defiant associations with the primitivity. In political anthropology a «tribe» is replaced by «chiefdom» and its analogues. In other words, the concept of «tribe» has lost its former conceptuality. In political anthropology «tribe» («Potestarian tribe») is replaced by «chiefdom» and its analogues.
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The article discusses in a broad comparative historical context the hypothesis by the Croatian scholar Ante Milošević, according to which the legendary Croatian ruler Porin mentioned in the 30th chapter of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus’s treatise De administrando imperio (mid-10th century) is identical to Perun, the old-Slavic god of thunder. The author draws attention to the fact that the proposed identification fits well to the fact that in the story of the 30th chapter there are structural elements typical for early medieval narratives of the genre «origo gentis». The author of the article demonstrates that the interpretation of the story of the 30th chapter on the Croats’ relations with the Franks within the methodological paradigm of the ethnogenesis theory by R. Wenskus and the so-called Viennese school is in line with anthropological approaches that reinforces Ante Milošević’s hypothesis. The author attempts to interpret the appearance of Perun in the Croat tradition in the context of the formation of the Croat gentile kingdom as a result of the weakening of the Frankish control over Dalmatia about the year 828. The author points to the area of Kaštela as a possible base of anti-Frankish elite that came to power in Dalmatia in the second quarter of t he 9th century.
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The article concerns the basic questions of the history of the Rügen Slavs. The paper discusses the following issues: the settlement of the Rügen Slavs Rugen in the end of the 6th – the beginning of 7th century; population of the island before Slavic migration (Jastorf culture and the East Germans — Rugi); the problem of the continuity of local traditions; the attitude of the Slavs to the ancient religious monuments and centers of Rügen (megaliths); Rügen Slavs’ idea of power; the interpretation of the images of the supreme deity and the god of war; localization of the main centers of sacred and military power. The study allows us to conclude that the Slavs settled in Rügen after the leave of the East German population, and there are reasons to believe the peaceful coexistence of the old population and the newcomers ― Slavs. The continuity of tradition is also observed in Slavs’ relation to the megalithic sacred sites and places for burial. The supreme power in Rügen conceptualized as an archaic theocracy. The image of Svyatovit (Sventovit) was an area implementation of Indo-European myths of supreme God. However, the beliefs of Rügen Slavs were local and late forms of pagan worship. The main centers of power in the Rügen were Arkona (cult-center and the center of the religious elite), Karentsa and Rugard (cult-fortress and secular elite centers). In the course of strengthening the secular authorities, after the Christianization and strengthen of the Slavic dynasty Rugard acquired the status of the main princely residence. Local center Ralswiek functioned in the 9th–13th centuries was the Slavic-Scandinavian Viking trading settlement.
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The paper deals with the meaning of the term «Moravians» used in written sources of the 9th century. Short research review reveals various interpretations of the origin and fundaments of the Moravian society. Some of them have their roots in the medieval period, others reflect contemporary conceptions of ethnogenesis present in modern social sciences. Aside from it is the use of the term «Moravians» in medieval Slavic and Latin sources, where the term denotes both an ethnic community and a political unit. From the analysis of these sources follows that the term «Moravians» was used in the sense of a military unit, an object of Christianization, and also had a geographical aspect and/or used to denote the ethnic affiliation of Slavic elites. However, the term «Moravians» was also relevant when referring to people assemblies. In this case a special expression «all the Moravians» was used. This expression was also known in later period when Moravia was under the Přemyslid rule. Despite this fact, there is no reason to assume ethnical continuity between Moravia of the 9th century and that from the period after 1029.
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The article provides an overview of Old-Russian, Byzantine, Latin, Arabic and Jewish-Khazar texts of the 10th – the beginning of the 12th century, in which there are mentions of ethnonyms, which can be considered as the names of Slavic «tribal» communities. These historical evidences («Bavarian Geographer», the letter of the Khazar king Joseph, a treatise «De Administrando Imperio», Primary Chronicle and some others) are researched with the help of text’s critics to define their historical authenticity. Special attention is paid to the coincidences of these texts, which are a key argument for the reality of denotation-societies behind these designation-ethnonyms. Particular attention is focused on verifying and assessing the reliability of the historical and geographical information about Slavic «tribes» in the early Old Russian Chronicles. The paper collects and examines historical and linguistic data about the key Slavic communities of Eastern Europe (Polyane, Ulichi, Drevljane, Krivichi, Sloveni and some others). Separately the archaeological information about the areas for which they were located in the 10th–11th centuries is reviewed. It is concluded that behind the equal ethnonyms in terms of language and literary context of earlier chronicles can be «hidden» different types of communities (political, territorial or others). In some cases it is impossible to determine the type of community-denotation even hypothetically (for example, Dregovichi). There is no reason to date the emergence of any community much earlier fixing its name, the names of its leaders or other onomastic markers in the written sources.
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The purpose of this article is to seek an answer to the question about the theoretical and methodological identity of the science of international relations. The discussion on this topic started in Poland and in the world after World War II. In 1947, Ludwik Ehrlich wrote that the science of international relations deals with the broadest kind of the coexistence of people – the coexistence of the entire mankind, the ‘coexistence of nations’. Remigiusz Bierzanek, in turn, wrote in 1971 that the scientific discipline of international relations had emerged in a synthetic manner rather than as a result of the division of any pre-existing broader discipline. Thus, he was the first scholar in Poland to point out the multi- and interdisciplinary character of this discipline. The article is based on the assumption that the attributes of the disciplinary character of the science of international relations can be identified on the basis of ontological, epistemological and methodological criteria. In the ontological perspective, the categories of ‘sovereignty’ and ‘internationality’ as well as distinguishing the levels of analysis make it possible to define the subject and scope of research of international relations. In the epistemological perspective,it is characterised by having its own theories and a rich tradition of theorizing. The science of international relations has its own specific methodology adjusted to the subject of research. It also has its own history and historiography, which are important for furthering the development of the discipline’s identity and the theoretical and methodological self-awareness of the scholars conducting research in this discipline.
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