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Keywords: public sector; public value; bi-utility; public preferences
Primarily the article presents two concepts of value in public sector management and economics. The first of them is a Public Value theory, the second one is A. Etzioni’s biutility idea. Each of them is based on the assumption that human behavior should be explained using two sources of motivation. Thereby they are inconsistent with the neoclassical utility theory. The second aim of the paper is to develop an interpretation of two sources of motivation so as to achieve a general conceptual framework for describing human motivations.
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Keywords: VAT; tax exemption; import; Poland; European Union
The general idea of the value added tax is to be neutral in respect of the choice of suppliers according to their location. This is the reason why exports are taxed with the 0% tax rate and domestic supplies or imports are taxed with the same tax rates. To ensure neutrality of the tax the legislator applies the same exemptions from the value added tax to domestic supplies and imports. At first glimpse this solution seems to give the same results, but in fact it means that domestic supplies are discriminated in favour of imports. The main objective of the article is to prove that, when the recipient of goods is a consumer or a non-taxable entity, the exemption from the value added tax, which applies both to imports and domestic supplies of goods, causes discrimination to the latter. In the article a few examples of exemptions on imports from the Polish Value Added Tax Act are presented. They were chosen because of their possible influence on a choice of suppliers based on their location.
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Keywords: tax capital group; corporate income tax
The aim of this article is the analysis of influence of preferences in income tax for legal entity, based on settling the tax together in the capital tax group. The law concerning the capital tax group was established in 1996, through the act on income tax for legal entity. The research invastigated 4 capital tax groups from the electricity sector in Poland. The analysis was made on the financial data and the official information published on the capital groups’ web pages. The study shows that the main reason for creating the corporate group in the partnerships is to constrain the risk of transfer prices and cut income tax for legal entity through current loss offsetting in the companies belonging to the group.
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Keywords: 1% of PIT and CIT; public benefit oerganisations
The paper concentrates on the evaluation of 1% of PIT and CIT as the sources of income of charity organizations in Poland. The analysis is conducted from the beneficiaries point of view. It is based on statistical data complied from CSO, Bureau of Research and Klon/Jawor Association in the years 2010-2013. The analysis allows to formulate strengths and weaknesses of 1% mechanizm.
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Keywords: Sovereign Wealth Funds; investment; financial markets; public savings
The paper discusses the impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds on the selected aspects of the functioning of global economy. The main emphasis is put on the characteristic of functioning of SWFs, the assessment of their importance for the stability of the capital markets and their impact on the positions of contemporary international currencies in the context of different motives to create such funds. The paper is based on the international literature and statistical data. The main sources of necessary data were taken from publications delivered by SWF Institute.
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Keywords: pension funds; social security; rate of return
Introduced at the beginning of 2014 the reform of the social insurance system has caused significant changes in the existing PAYG-capital system. The article presents these changes and discusses their impact on the effectiveness of Open Pension Funds investment. Collected statistical data of the pension market have been analyzed for this purpose. Conclusions indicate a change in the investment policy of pension funds.
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Keywords: public finance; management control; local government
This article discusses the functioning of management control as a mandatory way of managing units of public finance sector. The aim of this article is to show the essence and elements of management control paying attention to goals and risk management. Regulations have introduced management control as a new element to public finances. It does not have its equivalent in previously valid regulations and it introduces new quality in the scope of internal control in the units of public finance sector. The duty to introduce management control covers all units of local government and their subunits. Thanks to management control, it is possible to reach the same effect as in suitable unit management. It is necessary to point that, thanks to its matter, control management is also a continuous challenge for a unit manager and also for his/her subordinates.
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Keywords: taxpayers income; income tax; source of income; the amount of tax
The study deals with the taxation of natural persons with income tax. The aim of the study was formulated as a search for answers to a series of questions connected to changes in the number of taxpayers, taxpayers structures depending on the sources of income, changes in the tax base and the amount of tax paid. The analysis also included the number of taxpayers, depending on the range of taxation or the average amount of tax with respect to those divisions. The study used a descriptive method and a comparative analysis. The result of undertaken research are evaluations and proposals included in the conclusion.
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Keywords: equalizing subsidy; municipalities; the ratio of G tax revenue; tax revenues own revenues of municipalities
The main objective of this article is to provide a method for shaping the community’s own revenues, so that the amount of basic part of balancing subsidy may correspond with the income situation of the municipality. In order to answer the question: how municipalities can shape their own income level in the context of balancing subsidy the analysis of following data was carried out: the value of own revenues generated by the municipality; the value of G tax revenue ratio designating the amount of balancing subsidies (basic part); the value of actual and potential tax revenue generated by the municipality.
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Keywords: real estate; property tax; municipal budget; property; municipality; spatial development plan; fee planning
The study aims to present the impact of the adoption of the development plan for the municipality of income tax on the property of natural persons. The analysis was conducted on the example of two villages in the Lower Silesia region: Jeżów Sudecki and Świerzawa. The author compared the impact of the budget revenue from property tax after the adoption of the area development plan and the number of inhabitants in each of the municipalities. The analysis shows that the adoption of the development plan in Jeżów Sudecki resulted in an increase in budget revenues in the period and contributed to the construction of new houses, and thus to increase the number of residents. However, in the case of Świerzawa municipality the result of the adoption of the plan was the opposite: the number of population as well as revenues from property tax decreased. It is a result of difficult economic environment of Świerzawa.
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Keywords: tax liability relief; tax arrears; Germany; Poland
One of the consequences of the economic crisis is the increase in tax arrears. It is mostly the result of the worsening of taxpayers’ financial situation. This phenomenon was also reported during the last world financial crisis. In the OECD member states, in the years 2005– –2011, tax arrears increased by on average 28.7%. At the same time, in 2009, the average relation of undisputed tax arrears to net revenue collection for all OECD member states reached the record value of 14.3%. The scale of the increase in tax arrears varied significantly from one member state to another and was determined by different factors. Tax liability reliefs may have a significant influence on the stock of tax arrears. This article compares the provisions of the law governing such reliefs in Germany and in Poland. Moreover, it analyses the stock and structure of tax arrears in these countries in the years 2007–2011.
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Keywords: tax; microsimulation; allowance for corporate equity; cost of capital; corporate income tax
The aim of the paper is to analyze quantitatively the effects of an allowance for corporate equity on the tax burden of corporations in Poland. A microsimulation approach is implemented. It is based on the information from single financial statements of 222 companies, which were selected randomly from the InfoCredit database. The distribution of the changes in the individual tax burden diverges strongly across firms. If only an ACE is introduced, without any adjustments of the nominal corporate income tax rate, the vast majority of firms, which amounts to 95%, benefits from the reform. In case the tax rate is higher in order to neutralize the fall in the tax due, the tax burden of nearly 36% of companies increases.Taxation of income from capital gains raises a lot of controversy. These revenues have a different creature than other income, which is why the purpose of this article is to present the arguments for the specific treatment of this source of revenues, which should be reflected in preferential taxation of income from capital gains in Poland. The analysis of existing models of taxation of individuals, the circumstances for preferential taxation of income from capital gains and the legal status that was in force in this area in Poland, made itpossible to draw a conclusion about the necessity of tax law regulations relating to this matter and introducing the necessary changes.
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Keywords: cervical cancer; the cost of prevention; screening; health economics
Cervical cancer is a global epidemiological problem nowadays. Screening, financed by the Polish National Health Fund, is the basis for the secondary prevention of cervical cancer. The aim of the study was to present organizational and financial aspects of programmes for the prevention of cervical cancer on the example of the Silesian Voivodeship. The project was realized in the period from 01.06.2014 to 31.01.2015. The high cost of implementation of the programme and the low proportion of women participating in screening are the impulse to improve the existing and develop new solutions undertaken in the primary prevention of cervical cancer. It is recommended to extend the field of educational activities directed at women and medical personnel, mobilize more women to participate in the free cytology and the removal of barriers to the use of this service. In addition, it is recommended to increase the efficiency of resource allocation and coordination of prevention activities.
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Keywords: risk; risk factors; risk classification; public finance sector
The purpose of this article is to present the risk associated with the activities of the public finance sector units. The article points out risk factors, and then presents risk classifications on their basis. The method applied to prepare this article is based on the analysis of literature, in particular the announcement of the Minister of Finance on the detailed guidelines for planning and risk management.
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Keywords: public finance; cooperation; commune; poviat; self-government of the voivodeship
The aim of the article is to deepen the knowledge in the field of financial and administrative considerations of the cooperation of the communes and districts with the self- -government of the Voivodeship and within communes and districts. The subject of the research are the local governments of Radom subregion. The research was based on the Internet questionnaire directed to commune administrators, mayors and district administrators. The author makes an attempt to reply the research questions: how the self-government units of Radom subregion use available financial-administrative capabilities in cooperation with the self-government of the voivodeship and what their expectations are in this regard? In the end, general conclusions are drawn concering the possibilities of improving the use of cooperation in financial and administrative units of local government as well as practical recommendations in terms of postulated changes in mutual cooperation.
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Keywords: direct payments; Common Agricultural Policy; budget of the European Union
The purpose of the article is to present the changes in the functioning of direct payments with special emphasis on the current effects of this instrument and the CAP reform of 2013. The author presents solutions adopted by the European Commission indicating their advantages and disadvantages. In the conclusions the author attempts to determine further improvements in the system of direct payments. Doubtful are additional payments to certain plants and animals which may help financially, but which are part of the argumentation about unnecessary complication of the system. However, given the redistributive aspect of the first pillar, the existence of additional payments is financial support for a particular group of farmers. The study is based on the documents of the European Commission, the Polish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics National Research Institute.
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Keywords: tax; local taxes; tax policy; local authorities
The purpose of the article is to present legal possibilities, practice and the assessment of fiscal implications resulting from establishing real estate tax rates by municipalities, based on the example of cities with county rights (cities with poviat status), in the period 2013-2014. The local law provisions (tax resolutions) and reports presenting the budget execution of the studied units constituted the source of information and data used in the conducted analysis. Apart from the basic statistical description of the analysed tax rates, the author focused on e.g. the relationship between the level of enacted tax rates and their fiscal implications, understood as the decline in tax revenues. The conducted analysis resulted in drawing conclusions that, among other things, the analysed cities take a fairly widespread advantage of the powers granted by the legislator to reduce rates for various objects of taxation. The scale of such reductions against maximum (statutory) rates in an aggregated perspective was, however, small and diversified in terms of taxation objects and also their fiscal consequences.
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Keywords: co-operative bank; Institutional Protection Scheme(IPS); banking
In terms of the market share in Poland the sector of the co-operative banking constitutes the small proportion of the banking industry all in all. At least ideologically associated with meeting the needs of their members, the co-operative banks are obligated for functioning in similar framework as commercial banks in the form of international corporations. In relation to the need to adapt the domestic law to the provisions of the European Union, in front of the sector of the co-operative banking, the prospect of the reconstruction in the framework of the IPS is seen. A reply to the question is a purpose of the article through the prism of economic-legal surroundings of the co-operative banking in Poland.
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