Keywords: Polish prose after 1989 r.; Dorota Masłowska; feminist literary critics; subject
The author of the article suggests reading Dorota Masłowska’s debut novel "Wojna polsko-ruska pod flagą biało-czerwoną" from the perspective of the feminist literary critics. She uses Nancy K. Miller’s concept of arachnology. The author concentrates on parts of the novel that have been overlooked so far in reviews and interpretations. She examines a character in the book, a young girl, who is the author’s alter ego. The auctorial subject is revealed on different levels in the text: as a character in the novel, the author of the text that is being read and in a monologue of the narrator, Silny, whose narration is influenced by elements beyond his own consciousness and language. The experience of growing mature and writing is developed in the plot, through the consciousness of the main character and only revealed gradually. It is at the end of the novel that the author finally gives up the mask of the character and speaks for herself.
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Keywords: Silesia; China; dictionary; translation; language; culture; didactics
The author of the article writes about an unconventional reading of a small, amateurish Silesian-Chinese Dictionary by Marek Jachymski. By analysing the vocabulary, structure and the reliability of the translations the author of the article is lead to asking some important questions concerning prioritization and the political aspects of languages, mechanisms of word selection, the image of language, the world expressed by the selection of vocabulary and the specific character of a dictionary as a tool used in the process of translation and intercultural communication. The author pays close attention to the linguistic and cultural adequacy of some chosen word pairs. She highlights the need to consider such matters as schematic thinking about languages, the translating of cultures and the translator’s neutrality. By suggesting some excercises, the author also shows how this dictionary can be used in didactics that aim at developing students’ cultural and linguistic awareness, in terms of language and translation.
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Keywords: Zbigniew Kruszyński; Anna; Another; the Excluded; voyeurism; subject
Anna, Another and the Excluded are the main characters in Zbigniew Kruszyński’s stories: "Schwedenkrauter", "Na lądach i morzach" and "Powrót Aleksandra". Anna reveals the true colors of reality – where men nostalgically long for an archetypical image of love; Another becomes a substitute for the lost woman and then starts transforming into No-one; the Excluded represent a cursed piece of reality. Their peculiar features, habits and activities create a controversial and unconventional picture. The writer’s style complicates the reader’s view even more: voyeurism determines perception here. These characters are not only subjects of artistic depiction, but also lenses through which readers are watching or (together with the narrator) taking a peek at the world.
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Keywords: шеќерна трска; Марати; Махараштра; Индија; монокултура; кому- нализам; неолиберализам; зелена револуција; здравје.
Задругите беа вообичаен и успешен начин за организирање на индус- тријата со шеќерна трска во Махараштра. За време на индискиот социјализам ло- калните самостојни организации беа важни политички и економски алатки за раз- вој, кои се спротивставуваа на пазарниот егоизам. Неолиберализмот се насочи во спротивен правец, кон расклопување на економијата на заедницата и кон приватиза- ција на изворите и профитот. Еден далечен поглед на 20 век ја открива меѓузавис- носта на монокултурните агрономии, национализмот и општествената стратифика- ција. Во двата случаи конкретното општество не успеа да ги разреши важните ди- леми за еколошката одржливост и здравјето. Анализите единствено на технолош- ките и економските фактори за руралниот развој не се доволни за да се објасни ус- пехот и условите на одредено индустриско растение. Истовремено треба да се вк- лучат анализите на религијата, сродството, политичката митологија и идеологија.
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Keywords: Weddings; rituals; women; roles; Pakistan.
Among Rajputs wedding ceremony has its own procedures and events which are carried out through rituals. These rituals carry the symbolic meanings and symbolic representations for the people who practice and endorse them. This article ethnographically investigates the wedding ceremony along with the rituals performed among the Rajput people living in a small town in central Punjab (Pakistan). The research is qualitative study with participant observation and in-depth interviews as the main tools for collecting data. The study reveals that certain rituals performed during the wedding days perform two major functions. Besides providing the amusement and festivity, they produce, reproduce and reinforce stereotypical roles of women within the community. Secondly, they help bride and groom to go through a transformation of their status by assigning their new roles and expectations as husband and wife.
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Keywords: sugarcane; Marathi; Maharashtra; India; monoculture; communalism; neoliberalism; green revolution; health.
Cooperatives were frequent and successful ways of organizing the sugarcane industry in Maharashtra. During Indian socialism, local self-organization was an important political and economic tool for development and against market egoism. Neoliberalism went in the opposite direction, toward the dismantling of the economy of the community and the privatization of resources and profits. A distant look over the 20th century reveals the interdependence of monocultural agronomics, nationalism and social stratification. In both cases respected society has failed to address the important dilemmas of environmental sustainability and health. Analysis alone of the technological and economic factors of rural development is not enough to explain the success and setting of a certain industrial plant, but religion, kinship, political mythology and ideology are considered as well.
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Keywords: обреди; жени; улоги; Пакистан.
Кај заедницата Рајпут свадбените церемонии се состојат од процедури и настани што се спроведуваат преку обредите. Овие обреди содржат симболички значења и симболички репрезентации за луѓето што ги практикуваат и поддржува- ат. Овој текст етнографски ја претставува свадбената церемонија заедно со обреди- те што се практикуваат во заедницата Рајпут од еден мал град во централен Пенџаб (Пакистан). Истражувањето претставува квалитативна студија каде што како глав- ни алатки за собирање податоци се искористени набљудувањето со учество и дла- бинското интервју. Истражувањето открива дека одредени обреди што се изведува- ат за време на свадбата имаат две главни функции. Покрај забавата и празнување- то, овие обреди ги продуцираат, репродуцираат и ги засилуваат стереотипните уло- ги на жените во рамките на заедницата. Истовремено овие обреди им помагаат на младенците во процесот на трансформација на нивните статуси преку претставу- вање на нивните нови улоги и очекувања како сопруг и сопруга.
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Keywords: migration; Mexico; United States; borders; insecurity.
Migration flows in the Americas have expanded in the last decades, especially from Central and South America to North America. The Americas comprise the largest flows of migration worldwide. While Mexico is the largest exporter of migrants, the United States becomes the largest receptor of migrants in the world. Most of the contemporary migration towards the United States is undocumented and clandestine generating risks for both the migrants and the recipient country as the border becomes porous. Migration flows respond mainly to economic factors, geographic proximity and the wage-related disparities between the United States and Latin American countries. The solution to these problems requires cooperation between the expeller and receiver countries through a multilateral agreement that regulates the flows of migrants to meet the demands of labour force in the United States, especially in the agricultural sector and the low-paid services sector.
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Keywords: Полска; театар; идентитет; сезонски патувачки експедиции; град- ско; селско.
Во текстот се анализираат сфаќањата за руралното и урбаното во мо- дерна Полска врз основа на истражувањата на работата на Селскиот театар во Вен- гајти (Teatr Wiejski Węgajty), мала патувачка театарска дружина во северна Полска, со цел да се види како неговата работа влијае врз создавање тензии во сфаќањата за руралното и урбаното помеѓу учесниците во групата и публиката. Во текстот се ис- тражува како, низ употреба на различни аспекти на традиционални форми и техни- ки на селски театар, се привлекуваат граѓаните што се заинтересирани за оствару- вање контакти со селската култура и како овој контакт може многу да се разликува од перцепциите и погледите на жителите во селата.
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Keywords: Poland; Theatre; Identity; Caroling; Urban; Rural.
The paper explores notions of “the rural” and “the urban” in modern Poland through examining the work of Teatr Wiejski Węgajty, a small theatre company in northern Poland and how this work highlights and provokes tensions between notions of ‘the rural’ and ‘the urban’ amongst those who participate and experience the theatre’s performances. The text explores how, by using various aspects of traditional village-based performance techniques the theatre attracts urban participants who seek contact with village culture, and how this contact may contrast sharply with the perceptions and views of rural inhabitants.
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Keywords: миграција; Мексико; Соединети Американски Држави; граници; несигурност.
Миграциските текови во Америка се засилени во последните декади, особено оние од Јужна Америка кон Северна Америка. Во Америка се случуваат најголемите миграциски текови во светски рамки. Додека Мексико е најголемиот извозник на мигранти, Соединетите Американски Држави се најголемиот примател на мигранти во светот. Најголемиот дел од современата миграција кон Соединети- те Американски Држави е недокументирана и скриена, што создава ризици како за мигрантите така и за земјата што ги прима бидејќи границите стануваат порозни. Миграциските текови најчесто се поврзани со економските фактори, географската близина и дисбалансот во платите меѓу Соединетите Американски Држави и земји- те од Латинска Америка. За да се реши овој проблем, потребна е соработка меѓу земјите што даваат и земјите што примаат мигранти преку мултилатерален договор што ќе ги регулира тековите на мигрантите за да одговараат на потребите од работ- на сила во Соединетите Американски Држави, особено во земјоделскиот сектор и во секторот за нископлатени услуги.
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Keywords: commitment to the organisation; afective commitment; normative commitment; continuous commitnemt; workplace behavior; culture context; personality characteristics
The purpose of the study is the presentation of the state of the art in the field of commitment to the organisation. The focus is on history of the concept of the commitment to the organisation, gradual development from models with only one dimension to multi-dimentional ones. In the center of our focus is the most frequented three component model of Meyer and Allen and his measurment with use of the TCM questionnaire. The study focuses on analysis of the connection between commitment to the organisation and work behavior. Specific part is dedicated to the results of research done in different culture contexts. In the part called critique of the Meyer and Allen’s model there are conceptual abiguities of the model analysed, as well as objections to the questionnaire TCM. In the final part of the article there are possibilities of furhter research heading suggested, mostly in a sense of verification of profound personality mechanisms, that coinfluence the creation of a workplace bond.
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Keywords: self-care; coping; self-control; paramedics; health psychology
Paramedical work surely belongs to the most risky professions. Its integral part is the ability to control one’s own thoughts, emotions and impulses, because paramedics are expected to give flawless everyday performance. This is tightly connected with a need to care for one’s own mental and physical health. The paper does not only show the context of rescue work, and thus its fundamental sources of stress and description of selfcare, but the issue is also viewed from the perspective of Baumeister’s ego strength model of self-control. This provides new opportunities for possible explanations of the occurrence of stress related negative consequences in paramedics’ work. Alternatives of subsequent empirical research and practical utilization are discussed.
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Keywords: unemployment; Austria; methods of unemployment calculation and their relationship to reality; employment support actions; creation of knowledge and social basis; culture
According to global opinion, Austria is one of the countires with lowest unemployment rates. With a respect to the high development level and efficiency of austrian economy the regularly published statistics seem to be close to reality. However a closer view reveals, that even in Austria for long time there are tendencies in decrease of a number of full-blown work contracts on a way to so-called precarisation of the work and creating a large gap between profitability of the factor of work and capital. Presented study follows a development of so-called general index of unemployment in Austria, methodologically based on recommendation of Eurostat and development of level of unemployment registered in Austria based on Statistik Austria information and further it compares basis and methods of research for the purpose of calculation of both indexes. Settling the general index of unemployment into the work-law and social-law framing of Austria and after another correction based on statistic data about so-called hidden reserves on austrian work market this paper shows, that the number of unemployed people, who want to work and are able to accept a job offer immediatelly is, according to latest relevant statistic measurments in Austria, approximately two times higher than is the actual level of the general unemployment index. These findings imply, that actions applied to optimize the local situation on austrian work market, as well as system solutions of unemployment in Austria are efficient in a sense, that real level of unemployment in Austria does not have negative impact on real productivity of austrian economy. Contrarily, thanks to them the so-called consumption is maintained on one side and on the other side the qualification of unemployed people is developped, which is necessary for efficient performace in their future job position and also for creation of inovative and sustainable solutions of our current problems.
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