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Appellation of Origin vs. Geographical Indications. Terminological Debates during the Lisbon Treaty 1958

Author(s): Mihaela-Daciana Boloş / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Appellations of Origin; Geographical Indications; International Treaties; Diplomatic Conferences

The paper studies the debates that took place during the Lisbon Conference of 1958 regarding the international protection and registration of appellation of origin. In particular, the bases of the research are the discussions that took place during the Lisbon Conference regarding the notion of appellation of origin, and that of geographical indication. All the opinions and positions took by different states regarding this particular problem are collected in the book entitled “Actés de la Conférence de Lisbonne” published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The debate is highly important nowadays because of the reforms intended to be made in the geographical indications protection system. Also the positions expressed during the Conference are relevant for the future of the international act adopted: the “Lisbon Agreement”.

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Russian-French Contradictions Concerning the Possibility of Romanian Army’s Evacuation in Russia in the Year 1917

Author(s): Hadrian Gorun / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Army; Evacuation; Reorganization; Russia; France; Ferdinand; Berthelot; Saint-Aulaire

This study deals with the possibility of the Royal Romanian Army’s evacuation in the Russian territory for reorganization. This problem generated tension in the relations between the Allies, especially between France and Russia. During 1917, this represented a key-problem of the discussions between the three diplomacies (French, Russian and Romanian) and the military representatives. Of course, each party wanted to promote its own interest. These interests were influenced by the situation on the front, by the evolution of the military operations. There were also disputes and different points of view on this matter, which altered the quality of the cooperation. The Russian proposal concerning the evacuation of the Romanian Army, authorities and population was rejected from the very beginning by France. General Henry Mathias Berthelot, Chief of the French Military Mission in Romania, expressed a strong point of view against the withdrawal to Russia. The psychological condition of the Romanian troops would have been seriously affected. For French diplomacy and French officers, the reorganization of the Romanian Army on the Moldavian territory represented a guarantee of its utility. Romania’s King, Ferdinand energetically rejected the idea of the evacuation. The French Minister from Iaşi, Count Charles de Saint Aulaire also persuaded the Romanian Government leaded by Ion I.C. Brătianu that the evacuation had been a hazardous operation. On the other hand, the Russians insisted for the solution of withdrawal. It is possible that they attempted to subordinate the Romanian Army. Finally, the Romanian Army and authorities remained on the national ground.

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From the History of Reading. Examples from the Romanian World (the XVIIth and the XVIIIth centuries)

Author(s): Corina Teodor / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Readings; Woman; Enlightenment; Romanian Society

The purpose of this study is to analyze the manner in which the relationship between book and society has been delineated into premodern Romanian society. Succeeding François Furet, the French historian who turned the researches on the history of the books towards the receiver, we would like to emphases the feminist practices of reading, as they were established at the level of Wallachia and Moldavia’s elite. Our analysis is based on a comparative perspective. It emphases some studies of case, as they are resulted after the enquiry of the official papers of the Court, the denotation on the books pages, correspondence, chronicles, travel diaries. We would like to find out which were the reading genres preferences of the feminine elite during the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, what kind of image the women attracted by reading were able to pass on and if the masculine power, as representing the dominant culture, did really perceived them as “becoming intellectuals” or, on the contrary, they were looked on hostile.

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“HOLY WARRIORS” OF THE BARBARIAN SOCIETY? MYTHOLOGY AND REALITY CONCERNING THE GERMANIC “ANIMAL-WARRIORS”

THE BARBARIAN SOCIETY? MYTHOLOGY AND REALITY CONCERNING THE GERMANIC “ANIMAL-WARRIORS”

Author(s): István Fábián / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Germanic; Auxilia; Mythology; Wolfspetze; Berserker;

The Germanic mythology has a very special character: the animal-warrior. Although present in many other indo-European and North-American mythologies, the wolfspetze and the beserker had some interesting individual features. Beyond mythology lies an entire web of historic sources (written and epigraphic) who stresses out the fact that these warriors were not only the fruit of a rich imagination. They actually were present in such “rational” institutions as the roman army or, later, in the armies of early medieval northern kings. This paper tries to emphasize a few aspects of this complex problem.

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The Rebirth of Poland. Polish Application of Self Determination at the End of the First World War

Author(s): Giuseppe Motta / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Poland; Self-Determination; National Minorities

After the end of the first world war Versailles’ peace negotiations defined the new settlement of Central-Eastern Europe on the principle of self-determination. The application of this concept, anyway, was not easy and peaceful and was many times entrusted to the factual conditions of the disputed regions and to conditions of the States claiming them. In the case of Poland, the new State was reshaped according to the strange combination of diplomacy and conflicts, as the definitive extension of the State depended on the fate of the campaigns in which Polish troops were involved after the Great War. Poland, thus, showed the particular situation of Central-Eastern Europe, where many little conflicts accompanied the development of diplomatic negotiations.

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The National Issue in the Communist Inning

Author(s): Lucian Săcălean / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Minorities; Nationalism

This article addresses the issue of ethnic relations in a complicated period of Romanian history onset of communism. The evolution was somewhat similar for Romania and Hungary, taking into consideration the setting up of the red power, from the alliance/independence fronts till the gradual buying up of the whole power and the increasing of the communist effectives’ force, but in a short period of time1. Even though the presence of the minorities in the party overtakes in some areas that of the population’s percentage, the subsequent events, the merging with PSDR, the tendency of PMR of keeping the ethnical balance in the representation led to the increasing of the ethnical Romanians’ weight both within the political party and at the level of decision2. But there is much suspicion, the structures are not unitary, the conflicts between the Hungarian communists and the Romanian ones are frequent.

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Women as Topic of “Intellectual Debates” Case Study: “Amiculu Familiei”

Author(s): Georgeta Fodor / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Press; Gender; Women; Nation; National Ideas

The XIXth century is the witness of a real intellectual debate around women’s role and position in the society. Both men and women (for the first time) will get involved in this debate and the written press is one of the media they used as a vehicle for their ideas, for or against women. Thus we chose as a study case to analyze the manners through which this gender discussion develops in the Transylvanian Romanian press of the second half of the XIXth century. Part of a major research project, we limited our analysis, for the timebeing, to a single review that is the Amiculu Familiei, as its declared aim is that of both educating and entertaining its readers.

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Italian intellectuals, travelers and artists in “rediscovering” Greece in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries)

INTELLETTUALI, VIAGGIATORI E ARTISTI ITALIANI ALLA “RISCOPERTA” DELLA GRECIA FRA XVIII E XIX SECOLO

Author(s): Andrea Giovanni Noto / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Greece; Italy; Europe; Intellectuals; Travellers; Artists; Risorgimento; XVIII Century; XIX Century

After a long period of oblivion and a series of great international events, Greece was rediscovered by Western Europe at the turn of the XIX century. Regarding this general context, not even Italy, that had always had a close relationship with the Hellenic world, thanks to remarkable cultural and historical affinities that bound the two peoples together, was an exception. This essay means to focus attention on the characters of the Italian intellectuals, travellers and artists of that time who favoured this great appeal for the Hellenistic civilization, developping in the Italian peninsula a strong philhellenic sentiment, useful for supporting the Greek Risorgimento and for binding the two nations together.

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Dilemmas of Romanian Post-December Foreign Policy. Relations with Russia

Author(s): Miruna Madalina Trandafir / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Post-Communism; Foreign Policy; Russia; Romania

This attempted research tries to detect under punctual and rigorous arguments the preliminary stage of the Romanian post December Foreign Policy, demonstrating the increased attention assigned to the Romanian-Russian relationship at the level of the main action directions carried on externally. In the introductory part of the study, we propose a close radiography of the external portrait of Romania, emphasizing the atypical trajectory recorded together with the sudden fall of the communist structure and the beginning of coagulation of new post-communist political structures and systems. In the second part of the paper, we shall emphasize the Romanian-Russian bilateral tandem specific to recent or immediate history segment, locating the “privileged” statute this complex relation detains at the level of the defining options of Romanian post December foreign policy. In its integrity, the paper dissociates itself from the unanimously accepted tendency in the academic circle, according to which the fundamental option of Romanian post December foreign policy was made up by the affiliation of Romania to Euro-Atlantic structures and mechanisms, inserting a distinct research direction, that starts from a contrasting premise: Romania of year ’90 perpetuated the relationships with the Soviet Union, being particularly preoccupied with the recalibration in a mutual advantageous manner of the new juridical-bilateral framework.

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Solutions for the economic crises from 1929: Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s “Hundred Days”

Soluzioni alla Crisi Economica del 1929: I “Cento Giorni” di Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Author(s): Roberto Sciarrone / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Great Depression; USA; New Deal; Roosevelt

The New Deal represents a change of such magnitude that its ramifications continue to influence American policy. The importance of the New Deal is in being the union of different trends of government in one state. The Roosevelt Revolution is the key to modern American politics; his influence was profound for the use made of the state and that it represented the fusion of four periods of policy development and design of the state. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a strong president, his power was conditioned by the energetic and determined to public policy. The Roosevelt Revolution was not accomplished in a single year, a hundred, however, were the days that impressed a decisive impact on the economic crisis.

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Corruption. Notion and the Historical Evolution of the Phenomenon. Evolution of the Crime of Corruption in the Appropriate Regulations of the 1821-Pre

Author(s): Olimpiu Aurelian Sabău-Pop,Adrian Vasile Boantă / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Corruption; Definition; Evolution; Law

If we relate strictly to the notion of corruption, it can be asserted that this phenomenon existed from ancient times. There are some opinions which argue that the human tendency to corruption has always existed. The phenomenon of corruption does not refer only to bribery, abuse, receiving undue benefits or other crimes related to corruption, being rather an illicit intersection of the public authorities sphere with private sector.

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The First Oriental Crisis: The Naval Battle from the Black Sea

Prima crisi d’Oriente: il confronto navale nel Mar Nero

Author(s): Antonello Batttaglia / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Crimean War; Tsarist Empire; Ottoman Empire; Dardanelles; Bosphorus; Black Sea

The Crimean War is the first international conflict following the Napoleonic Wars and it’s the first crisis of the Continental order established in Vienna (1814-1815). The War opposed the Tsarist Empire which, under the pretext of defending the Orthodox Ottoman subjects, wants to disrupt the geopolitical order in the Eastern Europe gaining control over Bosphorus and Dardanelles, in order to have a coastal outlet in the Mediterranean Sea and fits in the main European trade routes to Ottoman Empire, and the coalition of Great Britain, France, the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia, which want to maintain the status quo. In this war, a very strategic area is the Black Sea, which is the main theatre of the battles. Supremacy in this area soon becomes the key to victory in the conflict.

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Romanian East-West Migration. Historical Perspective

Author(s): Maria-Ana Georgescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: East-West Migratory Flux; Romanian Emigration; Labour Force Market

This paper is structured in four parts, and deals with the multiple and complex dimensions of migration. Within the general context of the European population flux phenomenon of the last years, it draws attention on East-West migration, particularly regarding Romanians. Comparative statistical data are presented, causes and consequences of emigration are analyzed.

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Standpoints of some Jewish Memorists and Historians Regarding the Meaning of the Actions Organized by Romanian Inhabitants (in 1944) to Save the Jews

Author(s): Antonio Faur / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Standpoints; Jewish Memoirists; Saving Jews; Hungary; Northern Transylvania

The author updates the points of view expressed by some Jewish intellectuals (in memorial and scientific texts, interviews, occasional accounts) in reference to the rescue actions carried out by the Romanian inhabitants from Transylvania, at the border between Hungary and Romania. Certain important truths have been emphasized since more perseverance was needed in order to recover them. The same desideratum is also valid in the case of the existing, factual material, which represents a talking point of the finding in the final report on the Holocaust, that is the fact that the Romanian territory has become, especially in the year 1944, “a refuge place for the Jews” who managed “to cross the border (with the help of some guides, through channels organised by Romanian inhabitants - n.n.) from Hungary and Northern Transylvania.

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In the Reforms’ Shadow. Conspiracy, Duplicity and Revolution in Pëtr Stolypin’s Russia

All’ombra delle riforme. Cospirazione, doppiogiochismo e rivoluzione nella Russia di Pëtr Stolypin

Author(s): Francesco Randazzo / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Russian Empire; Stolypin; Revolution; Agrarian Disorders

In 1911 a double agent working for the Okhrana assassinated Stolypin, and Finance Minister Vladimir Kokovtsov replaced him. The cautious Kokovtsov was very able and a supporter of the Tsar, but he could not compete with the powerful court factions that dominated the government. Historians have debated whether Russia had the potential to develop a constitutional government between 1905 and 1914. The failure to do so was partly because the Tsar was not willing to give up autocratic rule or share power. By manipulating the franchise, the Government obtained progressively more conservative, but less representative, Dumas. Moreover, the regime sometimes bypassed the conservative Dumas and ruled by decree. During this period, the Government's policies waivered from reformist to repressive. Historians have speculated about whether Witte’s and Stolypin’s bold reform plans could have "saved" the Russian Empire. But court politics, together with the continuing isolation of the Tsar and the bureaucracy from the rest of society, hampered all reforms. Suspensions of civil liberties and the rule of law continued in many places, and neither workers nor the Orthodox Church had the right to organize themselves as they chose. Discrimination against Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, and Old Believers was common. Domestic unrest was on the rise while the empire’s foreign policy was becoming more adventurous

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National Identity. Confessional Identity. Romanians in Transylvania in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

Author(s): Oana Habor / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: National Identity; Confessional Identity; the Romanian Orthodox Church; the Romanian Greek Catholic Church

Inside deeply religious bounds, such as Transylvania, confession plays an important role in the effort to emphasize the identity phenomenon. Within the same nation, two Churches competed for the title of National Church. The relationship between the two faiths was not infrequently affected, in part because each Church attempted by various means to prove its own identity. The Romanians’ position of inferiority compared to the other ethnic groups in Transylvania and the possible threat coming from “the other” are elements that also drafted the definition of identity. The two Romanian Churches engaged in the struggle to preserve national identity and they gradually evolved from a Church autonomy into a political one. The Romanian identity discourse outlines into a point where the confessional and political elements become thoroughly intertwined. At the end of the nineteenth century and given the political context, national identity is preserved with the joint effort of both ecclesiastical and political elites despite the differences. Although the secular spirit gains ground, the Church has undoubtedly its extremely important role in preserving and defending a, not only religious but also national right.

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The Communist Censorship and the War for Independence (1877-1878) A Century since its Achievement

Author(s): Gabriel Moisa / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Eastern Crisis; Romania; Russia; Independence; Historiography

In the second half of the years 1970s, under a communist regime in which the censorship was at her home, in Romania was given free for celebrating the centenary of the State Independence, that under the terms in which the recovery of the past was made selectively and in the areas useful for the regime. So as in 1968 came the time for "declassification" of the moment 1918, celebrating for the first time, after half of century, the unification of Transylvania with Romania in the terms and conditions imposed by the regime, the year 1977 meant the celebration with pomp of 100 years of independence. The present study tries to capture the concrete relationships associated with the censorship which accompanied this phenomenon.

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The Elective Representation of the Romanians in the Hungarian Parliament

Author(s): Ovidiu Emil Iudean,Vlad Popovici / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Politics; Elective Representation; Parliament; Hungary; MPs; Electoral Geography

The paper analyses the presence of Romanian representatives in the lower chamber of the Hungarian Parliament between 1869 and 1892. It starts with the prosopographical description of the Romanian MPs and their political affiliation, presented for each elective cycle of the given period. Next, following Adalbert Toth’s method, the authors grouped the represented parties in three tendencies (slightly different from Toth’s original ones): government parties, Hungarian opposition parties and Romanian national parties. The results show that most of the Romanian MPs (73%) were elected on the lists of the Hungarian government parties, and many of them migrated from the Parliament to bureaucracy during the 1870s. Under such circumstances - given the elective passivity that spread among the Romanians after 1875 and the lack of cohesion inside the national movement - the number of Romanian MPs regressed constantly, from 31 (1869-1872) to 9 (1887-1892). A projection of the geographical distribution of their mandates also shows how the area in which the Romanian MPs were elected grew smaller, from the entire Banat, Western Parts and Maramureş in 1869 to a few scattered colleges in 1892. This regressive process was mainly a result of the violent tactics used by the Tisza government during the elections and of the Romanian elite’s withdrawal inside county administration. But it can also be regarded as a sign (among many others) of the Romanian elites’ lack of trust in the Hungarian political system, announcing the radical movement of the 1892 Memorandum.

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The last conflict before the First World War: The Risorgimento Italy against the Ottoman Empire (1911-1912)

L’ultimo conflitto prima della Grande Guerra: l’Italia del Risorgimento contro l’Impero ottoman (1911-1912)

Author(s): Andrea Carteny,Antonelo Biagini / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Italy; Risorgimento; Ottoman Empire; Military Expedition; National Struggle

In 1911 Italy was an important partner of Turkey for the Army officials’ training of the Empire, but in the international “equilibrium” Rome wanted to catch the last possibility to extend the power of the “young Italian nation” to his “fourth side”. So in Autumn 1911 the Italian military expedition in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica opened a new season of hope for Balkans nations to conquer national territory and freedom against Turks. Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbians and Montenegrins are mobilized to launch an new war against the Ottoman power with the help of the Italian attack in Africa and in the Aegean area. Italy of “Risorgimento” is for the Balkan young nations and their public opinions a good sample of national independence. But the Italian policy against Turks didn’t want to be too stronger against the Ottoman Empire, mainly to damage the Turkish “status quo” in Balkans. In Summer 1912 began the negotiations for peace, in September at Ouchy the Turkish negotiators – face to the national mobilizations in Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece – accepted the Italian peace conditions, signed on 18th October, recognizing the autonomy of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. But finally, in that same time, the 1st Balkan war exploded between Balkan countries and the Ottoman Empire, as the premise of a “Great” war of “young” nations against “old” empires.

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LABOUR MIGRATION REFLECTED IN THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE LAW

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LABOUR MIGRATION REFLECTED IN THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE LAW

Author(s): Adrian Claudiu Popovici / Language(s): English / Issue: Suppl01/2011

Keywords: labour; migration; Council of Europe; European Social Charter; migrant worker.

Politicians, specialists or the civil society have realized the major impact of migration upon different main social processes – culture, religion and education – only in the past decades, although it has been a constant element throughout our entire human development. The movement from one place to another represents one of the most important rights of a population, which was consented by the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights, in article 13: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. Despite the existence of the legal ground recognized by all member states of the United Nations, the world’s populations populatiile lumii do not fully enjoy the exercise of this freedom. Labour migration is one of the main forms of the contemporary migration and which enjoys of a better regulation than the other types of migrations, especially when we talk about the European space, in which the regulations ellaborated by the Council of Europe are primary.

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