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Substantial Change on the Horizon? A Monitoring Report on the EU’s New Bosnia and Herzegovina Initiative.

Substantial Change on the Horizon? A Monitoring Report on the EU’s New Bosnia and Herzegovina Initiative.

Author(s): Bodo Weber / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; EU; initiative; monitoring; report; labour market; business climate; public finace; taxation; pension; healthcare; social welfare; authorities; US; World Bank; IMF; parliament; civil society;

In November 2014, Germany and the United Kingdom launched a new policy initiative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). One month later, the European Union adopted the initiative as its own new EU initiative for BiH. Earlier, in February 2014, violent social protests had broken out in BiH and marked the failure of the EU’s previous policy approach in catalyzing real change in the country. At the same time, the protests drew new attention in the West to continuing problems in BiH. This enabled Berlin and London, whose dispute over the correct course of action to take in BiH had blocked the Union from having any meaningful policy, to get together behind a joint initiative. The focus of the new initiative was on structural socio-economic reform. Sensitive political issues like constitutional reform were pushed aside – for consideration at a later stage in enlargement – in order to unblock BiH’s long stalled EU integration process. From a distance, the initiative may appear successful; in September 2016, less than two years after the start of the new initiative, the Union’s General Affairs Council (GAC) referred BiH’s membership application to the European Commission to prepare an Opinion. This marked the last of three steps in the EU integration process, originally foreseen as a reward for the fulfillment of certain reform conditions. This was followed by the entering into force of the long-delayed Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) and BiH’s official application for membership. In addition, the centerpiece of the initiative, the so-called Reform Agenda was agreed and implementation initiated. However, close examination of the state of reform within the scope of the EU initiative challenges this positive impression. The reality is that the limited reforms achieved so far are fragile, sustainability of the reforms is highly questionable and the long-term socio-political outlook remains tenuous.

Revision of the HJPC Law

Revizija Zakona o VSTV- u

Author(s): Sana Čengić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; VSTV; HJPC; High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; HJPC law; BiH; composition of the council; organisation; jurisdiction; judges; prosecutors; appointment;

This article provides comparative preview of the proposals made by Ministry of Justice of BiH (MoJ) and High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH (HJPC/Council), on new or amended legislation regulating the work of the HJPC. Relevant international documents and regional practice are taken into consideration together with recent Venice Commission Opinion on Draft Law on HJPC. Due attention has been given to the proposed composition of the Council and election of its members as issues of the decisive importance for the role of the HJPC and its capacity to act as judicial independence safeguard. MoJ’s proposal, empowering the Parliamentary Assembly of BiH to elect Council’s members, radically changes current system, undermines the autonomous position of the HJPC and derogates the practical value all other segments of the Law and functioning of the Council. The appointment of the chief prosecutors and their deputies and the reduction of the HJPCs competencies in this regard are also identified as a risk carrying proposals that would lead to the politicization of the appointment process, offering no effective answer for the issues such proposals are trying to respond. Concluding remarks of the preview are focused on the need to ensure that revision of the Law on the HJPC is in line with the standards accepted in judicial reform so far and directed to the improvement of such standards and their consistent implementation.

PISM Report on the Common Security and Defence Policy

PISM Report on the Common Security and Defence Policy

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Keywords: CSDP; EU

HUMAN RIGHTS AND JUDICIARY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (2013-2014) - A Report on the Implementation of the Recommendations for Justice Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Universal Periodic Review of the UN Human Rights Council

LJUDSKA PRAVA I PRAVOSUĐE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI (2013-2014) - Izvještaj o provedbi preporuka u sektoru pravosuđa u BiH iz Univerzalnog periodičnog pregleda Vijeća za ljudska prava Ujedinjenih nacija

Author(s): Adrijana Hanušić,Amra Mehmedić,Elma Demir,Jelena Garača,Maja Sahadžić,Milena Savić,Nedim Hogić,Renata Dragić-Radić,Nina Karać / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; human rights; 2013; 2014; UN; law; judiciary; justice; Republika Srpska; constitution; discrimination; free legal aid; courts and segregation; war crimes; constitutional courts; corruption; freedom of speech; judiciary independence;

Od svog nastanka, 1948. godine, sa nastankom Univerzalne deklaracije o ljudskim pravima, međunarodni režim za ljudska prava zasnivao se na tradicionalnim mehanizmima zaštite prava razvijenih od strane Ujedinjenih nacija (UN), koje su dale značajnu ulogu državama. Naime, države su primarni akteri u međunarodnim procesima provedbe, ali i monitoringa ljudskih prava, odnosno države i istovremeno garantuju prava, ali i vode proces praćenja i izvještavanja. U nedostatku kapaciteta UN tijela da direktno prate stanje ljudskih prava u svim zemljama članicama, onda kada zemlje članice propuste biti dovoljno samokritične, pokazalo se da važnu ulogu igraju nevladine organizacije, čija je jedna od osnovnih uloga monitoring i izvještavanje o zaštiti ljudskih prava i zagovaranje njihove bolje zaštite kod domaćih institucija vlasti i međunarodnih organizacija. Efikasna zaštita ljudskih prava zahtijeva snažan angažman civilnog sektora i na državnom, ali i na međunarodnom nivou, jer su organizacije civilnog društva jedini subjekti koji kontinuirano prate stanje na terenu, te rade na podizanju svijesti o postojećim pravima i pozivaju donosioce odluka na odgovornost u slučaju njihovog kršenja. U tom pogledu revidiran je i proces praćenja i izvještavanja o stanju ljudskih prava od strane Ujedinjenih nacija (UN) i od 2008. godine uspostavljen je novi instrument: Univerzalni periodični pregled (UPP) od strane Generalne skupštine UN-a rezolucijom 60/251 2006. godine, koja UPP definiše kao novi međunarodni instrument u borbi za ljudska prava kojeg UN Vijeće za ljudska prava primjenjuje u procesu praćenja stanja ljudskih prava u državama članicama UN-a. Svake četiri godine, svih 192 države članice UN-a, bivaju predmetom UPP pregleda kroz koji se na univerzalan i jednoobrazan način vrši procjena ispunjavanja međunarodnih obaveza i opredjeljenja u pogledu ljudskih prava u cilju stvaranja demokratskog pritiska na vlade država da unaprijede situaciju u svojoj državi u pogledu ljudskih prava, te da se bore protiv neravnopravnosti i svih oblika diskriminacije. UPP se provodi kroz proces interaktivnog dijaloga kroz koji zemlja, čije se stanje ljudskih prava prati, prezentira svoj izvještaj, odgovara na pitanja i dobiva preporuke od drugih zemalja. Potom se neformalno usvaja izvještaj koji uključuje sve preporuke date zemlji u pregledu, a koji se ponovo zvanično usvaja na sljedećoj redovnoj sjednici Vijeća za ljudska prava. Oko 16 zemalja UN-a jesu predmet pregleda u okviru svake sjednice Vijeća, a 48 ih je predmet pregleda svake godine. Pored država, UPP pruža i mogućnost uključivanja nevladinih organizacija u ovaj proces. Naime, aktivnosti prije i nakon pregleda izvještaja ključne su za implementaciju konkretnih preporuka iz ishodnog dokumenta i tokom ovog perioda nevladine organizacije mogu ostvariti značajan uticaj kroz aktivnosti monitoringa, analize i zagovaranja. Neki od instrumenata učešća nevladinih organizacija u UPP procesu su: angažman u konsultacijama s vladom svoje države; podnošenje izvještaja interesnih grupa prema Vijeću za ljudska prava; lobiranje drugih država za davanje određenih preporuka; prisustvovanje sjednicama UPP radne grupe, kao i prisustvovanje i učestvovanje u sjednicama Vijeća za ljudska prava; te popratne aktivnosti vezane za zagovaranje za implementaciju preporuka. Prepoznavajući važnost novo-uspostavljenog mehanizma za praćenje ljudskih prava, ali i ulogu, koju su u istom dobile nevladine organizacije, Mreža pravde u BiH prihvatila je UPP kao instrument u svom radu, već u aprilu 2010. godine. Nakon konsultacija između članica, Mreža pravde se uključila u UPP proces kroz izradu UPP preporuka za BiH, koje su predstavljene od strane tročlane delegacije Mreže pravde na 14. sjednici UN Vijeća za ljudska prava, 11. juna 2010. godine u Ženevi. Pored pripreme preporuka i njihovog predstavljanja u Ženevi, u organizaciji Mreže pravde, održana je i obuka o ovom mehanizmu za predstavnike civilnog društva i sektora pravde. Također, za istu ciljanu grupu održana su dva okrugla stola u Sarajevu i Banja Luci na kojima su definisani zaključci koji naglašavaju potrebu za efikasniju primjenu UPP preporuka u pravosuđu BiH. Polazeći od ovih zaključaka, tokom strateškog planiranja Mreže pravde u 2010. godini, dogovoreno je da monitoring i izvještavanje o stanju ljudskih prava kod domaćih i međunarodnih institucija predstavlja primarni oblik djelovanja Mreže. Time je Mreža pravde - koja okuplja 64 nevladine organizacije, a čiji je osnovni cilj da pruža podršku institucijama vlasti u jačanju efikasnosti, neovisnosti i odgovornosti pravosudnog sistema Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i kvalitetnog informisanja, obrazovanja i zastupanja interesa građanki i građana u sektoru pravde - identificirala monitoring i izvještavanje o ljudskim pravima kao osnovni mehanizam pomoću kojeg nastoji realizirati svoje ciljeve. Razvoj pravosudnog sistema u BiH koji efikasno štiti ljudska prava i promiče vladavinu prava, nije moguć bez detaljne i stalne procjene rada sistema koja prati usklađenost domaćeg zakonodavstva i međunarodnih standarda. Sa ovim ciljem osnovana je i Radna grupa za izradu izvještaja „Univerzalni periodični pregled (UPP) o stanju ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini“ Mreže pravde, koja već od 2010. godine provodi proces monitoringa institucija sektora pravde na osnovu procjene provedbe UPP preporuka na koje se obavezala Bosna i Hercegovina u oblasti pravosuđa. Po četvrti put predstavnici nekoliko nevladinih organizacija, a ove godine predstavnici Asocijacije za demokratske inicijative, Centra za informativnopravnu pomoć Zvornik (CIPP), Centra za istraživačko novinarstvo (CIN), Centra za ljudska prava Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Udruženja «Pravnik», Udruženja stručnih saradnika i savjetnika u sudovima i tužilaštvima u BiH, i Udruženja za međunarodno pravo - zajednički su radili na monitoringu provedbe preporuka UN Vijeća za ljudska prava u pravosuđu BiH u sektoru pravosuđa u periodu od 2013. do 2014. godine. Kao rezultat ovog monitoring rada objavljuje se već po četvrti put publikacija Ljudska prava i pravosuđe u Bosni i Hercegovini: Izvještaj o provedbi preporuka u sektoru pravosuđa u BiH iz Univerzalnog periodičnog pregleda Vijeća za ljudska prava Ujedinjenih nacija (2011. – 2012.). Izvještaj Ljudska prava i pravosuđe u Bosni i Hercegovini predstavlja nastavak već započetnog rada na primjeni UPP mehanizma i istovremeno predstavlja jedinstvenu publikaciju ove vrste. Cilj objavljivanja navedene publikacije jeste uvid u proces provedbe dobivenih preporuka UN Vijeća za ljudska prava, odnosno od strane njenih država članica, a nastalih kroz proces Univerzalnog periodičnog pregleda (UPP). Monitoring procesa provedbe UPP preporuka od strane članica Mreže pravde, fokusira se na pravosudni sistem, odnosno uključuje samo one preporuke koje su identifikovane kao krucijalne za unaprjeđenje sektora pravosuđa u BiH. Pored općeg pregleda zaštite ljudskih prava kroz pravosuđe, autori su identifikovali i preporuke za donosioce odluka s ciljem da podstaknu institucije vlasti na efikasniju i ažurniju primjenu UPP preporuka u sektoru pravde i kako bi ispoštovale obaveze koje je preuzela Bosna i Hercegovina prema međunarodnoj zajednici, ali i prema svojim građanima. Nadamo se da će Izvještaj biti koristan izvor informacija, ne samo predstavnicima pravosuđa, nego i nevladinom sektoru, te da će inicirati i razvoj interesovanja za konkretne akcije kod organizacija civilnog društva za djelovanje u oblasti pravosuđa. Mreža pravde će svakako nastaviti i u budućnosti sa aktivnostima monitoringa zaštite ljudskih prava u sektoru pravde, te će nastojati razviti i daljnje aktivnosti kada je u pitanju izvještavanje u okviru Univerzalnog periodičnog pregleda (UPP) prema domaćim institucijama vlasti ali, i međunarodnim organizacijama. Uzevši kao osnovu rezultate monitoringa o stanju ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini navedenih u Izvještaju, Mreža pravde je provodila i prateće zagovaračke aktivnosti kako bi se jačao uticaj građanki i građana kroz organizacije civilnog društva na proces donošenja novih odluka i implementaciju postojećih propisa u oblasti pravde. Na ovaj način, Mreža pravde nastoji dati svoj doprinos u poticanju aktivnog odnosa svojih članica i civilnog društva u cjelini ka razvoju nezavisnog, efikasnog, odgovornog i zakonitog djelovanja pravosuđa u BiH. Koristimo ovu priliku da se zahvalimo svima koji su bili uključeni u realizaciju pripreme analiza i izradu publikacije. Posebno se zahvaljujemo Američkoj agenciji za međunarodni razvoj (USAID), koja kroz Projekat razvoja sektora pravosuđa II pruža tehničku podršku Mreži pravde u BiH i njenim članicama.

The faith of Criminal Procedure Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina unconstitutional norms (Analysis of a failed harmonisation)

Sudbina neustavnih odredaba Zakona o krivičnom postupku BiH (Ogled o jednom neuspjelom usaglašavanju)

Author(s): Branko Perić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; constitution; Criminal Procedure Code; criminal law; harmonisation; flaws; evaluation;

The author analyzes the proposed Draft Law on Amendments to the CPC BiH by starting from the analysis of lack or shortcomings of procedural norms as indicated by the Constitutional Court, in order to come up with a “draft” that might be of help to parliamentary working bodies discussing the proposed Draft. The analysis points to numerous serious problems in the practical application of CPC BiH provisions, which may be of great use for understanding the drawbacks of disputed procedural norms and for finding decisions that will bring about a firm normative structure of procedural institutions the Constitutional Court's decision pertained to. Through his analysis the author particularly stresses the significance of precision of the norms for the quality of the law and the principle of legality and rule of law. Pointing to the complexity of the problem and the consequences the decision produced for the criminal justice case law, the author suggests that the parliamentary procedure, besides a careful analysis of the Constitutional Court's decision, also includes problems that emerged in the case law by the application of the challenged provisions, for in that way one will be able to also remove the structural flaws the appellation did not point to, which were not analyzed by the Constitutional Court in its decision.

DESTROYING PROGRESS / ROGRESSING DESTRUCTION: EU Romani Women and Children in France

DESTROYING PROGRESS / ROGRESSING DESTRUCTION: EU Romani Women and Children in France

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: Informal settlement; Forced Eviction; Roma in France; discrimination of Roma; Roma as EU citizens;

This report specifically addresses the situation of EU Romani citizens from Romania living in informal settlements in France and does not deal with the particular human rights concerns of Roma from other EU and non-EU countries or French Roma, Sinti, Gens du Voyage, Manouche, etc. It presents the results of participatory research conducted in 2014 in six informal Romani settlements in France: Two in Seine-Saint-Denis in the Ile de France region, two in the Urban Community of Lille and two in Marseille. The research methodology was designed to ensure that Romani women played a concrete role in the work being done with respect to their situation.

Women in technical and ICT fields. Situation in Czechia

Ženy v technických a ICT oborech. Situace v ČR.

Author(s): Jaroslava Hasmanová Marhánková,Michaela Svatošová / Language(s): Czech

Keywords: Information and communication technology; ICT; Czech Republic; labour market; women; women in ICT; ICT labour market situation;

The profitability of the pension system and the impact of its reforms on men and women

Výnosnost důchodového systému a dopady jeho reforem na muže a ženy

Author(s): Jiří Šatava / Language(s): Czech

Keywords: Pension system; profitability of pension system; reforms; impact of reforms; men; women; retired people; increase of pension; benefits of reforms;

Na základě reprezentativní databáze 7000 mužů a žen počítáme výnosnost penzijního systému u mužů a žen a její změny v důsledku „malé“ a „velké“ reformy. Výnosnost měříme pomocí ukazatele penzijního bohatství jako rozdíl mezi současnou hodnotou budoucích důchodů a budoucích příspěvků do penzijního systému. Výnosnost se u jednotlivců liší dle pohlaví, věku, velikosti příjmu a dalších faktorů. Před reformami byl penzijní systém výrazně výhodnější pro ženy. I ve věkové kategorii 53letých penzijní systém sliboval ženám o 503 000 Kč více než mužům, u 21letých to pak bylo dokonce 1 152 000 Kč. Tzv. „malá“ reforma, která upravila věk odchodu do důchodu, výrazně snížila výnosnost penzijního systému pro muže i ženy, citelněji ale dopadá na ženy. Tzv. „velká“ reforma, jež umožňuje vyvedení části pojistného do penzijních fondů, má řádově menší, zato však pozitivní nebo nulový dopad na výhodnost penzijního systému pro muže a ženy. Obě reformy jsou výhodnější pro muže, i po všech reformách zůstává penzijní systém stále výnosnější pro ženy. Ve věkové kategorii 45letých penzijní systém slibuje ženám o 499 000 Kč více než mužům, pro 21leté to je 978 000 Kč. Studie rovně ž prezentuje dopady reforem i pro různé úrovně příjmů.

Institutional Physiognomy of Constitutional Complaint in the Republic of Serbia in Light of Comparative Constitutionalism

Institucionalna fizionomija ustavne žalbe u Republici Srbiji u svetlosti uporednopravnih rešenja

Author(s): Darko Simović / Language(s): Serbian

Keywords: Constitution; Constitutional Court; Serbia; constitutional complaint; physiognomy of constitutional complaint; public law;

In this paper the author analyses the institutional physiognomy of constitutional complaint in the Republic of Serbia, as well as it implementation in practice in light of institutional models of three respectable countries − Germany, Austria and Spain. Furthermore, it looks at some specific characteristics of constitutional systems which have subsequently established this legal remedy. Regarding the fact that comparative law does not provide an uniform institutional model of constitutional complaint and the limited experience of the Republic of Serbia with this institute, many questions have been raised in that field in our theory. At first glance, it seems that the 2006 Constitution of Serbia has very extensively established the possibility of utilizing constitutional complaint, which created a risk of impeding the work of the Constitutional Court. Data regarding the work of the Constitutional Court shows that deciding-on constitutional complaints has become the dominant competency of this body. Because of that it is necessary to establish more efficient mechanism of preliminary selection of constitutional complaints. In addition, the possibility of the Constitutional Court to annul court decisions has created tension between this Court and the High Court of Cassation. Hence, the relationship between the Constitutional Court and the ordinary courts must be more precisely and consistently regulated by a normative framework. In any case, the decreasing number of cases appearing before the European Court for Human Rights against Serbia shows that constitutional complaint is an increasingly effective legal remedy. However, for full affirmation of constitutional complaint as the legal remedy for protection of human rights, it is necessary to also develop an appropriate legal culture, which requires time.

The electoral barometer of Drobeta Turnu Severin municipality

Barometrul electoral al municipiului Drobeta Turnu Severin

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: ”administrative issues”;”trust in political leaders”;”voting intentions”;

The survey was conducted between September 4-6, 2020 on a sample of 1027 adults living in the city. He measured how the population perceives the involvement of the mayor’s office in various administrative issues, trust in local political leaders, voting intentions in local elections, the perception of local party organizations.

Electoral barometer of Caransebeș municipality

Barometrul electoral al municipiului Caransebeș

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted on September 3-6, 2020 on 808 adults living in the city. He measured the confidence of the candidates for mayor, the voting intentions, the expectations of the future mayor, the degree of involvement of the mayor’s office in various administrative issues, the appreciation of national political leaders.

National politic barometer

Barometru politic național

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: presidential elections;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted on October 12-19, 2019 on a national sample of 1117 people selected from 109 urban and rural localities in all counties of Romania. He measured the confidence of the presidential candidates, the comparisons between them, the voting intentions, the problems facing the country, the attitude towards various issues, people, institutions.

Pre-electoral barometer of Baia Mare municipality

Barometrul preelectoralal municipiului Baia Mare

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted between 1-5 August 2020 on a sample of 911 inhabitants of the city. He measured people’s opinion about the mayoral candidates, voting intentions, comparisons between the main competitors, the expectations of the population from the future mayor, the evaluation of the current mayor’s involvement in various administrative issues.

Pre-election barometer of Videle

Barometrul preelectoralal orașului Videle

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted on July 31 – August 2, 2020 on a sample of 422 inhabitants of the city. He measured people’s opinion about the main candidates for City Hall, the expectations of the future mayor, the voting intentions, the way in which the City Hall got involved in certain administrative issues.

The pre-electoral barometer of the city of Oltenița

Barometrul preelectoralal orașului Oltenița

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted on July 17-19, 2020 on a sample of 509 inhabitants of the city. He measured people’s opinion about the main candidates for the City Hall, the expectations of the future mayor, the voting intentions, the way the City Hall got involved in certain administrative issues, the trust in other county and national political leaders.

The pre-electoral barometer of the city of Râmnicu Sărat

Barometrul preelectoralal orașului Râmnicu Sărat

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted on July 2-5, 2020 on a sample of 629 inhabitants of the city. He measured people’s opinion about the main candidates for City Hall, the comparison between the first two competitors, expectations of the future mayor, voting intentions, how the City Hall was involved in certain administrative issues, achievements and failures of current and former mayor.

Pre-election barometer of Bucharest

Barometrul preelectoral al municipiului București

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted between February 23-27, 2020 on a sample of 1252 adults living in the city. He measured how the population perceives the involvement of the mayor’s office in various administrative issues, trust in local political leaders, voting intentions in local elections, the perception of local party organizations.

The political barometer of Râmnicu Sărat municipality

Barometrul politic al Municipiului Râmnicu Sărat

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted between November 30 and December 1, 2019 on a sample of 816 adults living in the city. He measured how the population perceives the involvement of the mayor’s office in various administrative issues, trust in local political leaders, voting intentions in local elections, the perception of local party organizations.

Discreditation of the electronic Voting System in the Russian Federation and new Challenges for the Introduction of digital electoral technologies in Ukraine

Дискредитація системи електронного голосування в рф та нові виклики для впровадження цифрових виборчих технологій в Україні

Author(s): O. V. Tokar-Ostapenko,I. A. Pavlenko / Language(s): Ukrainian

Keywords: voting in Russian elections; voting in Ukrainian elections; Russian aggression against Ukraine;

Elections are one of the main forms of democracy in the country - the expression of the will of the people, the constitutional way of forming public authorities and local governments. As the basic principle of democratic governance is to create appropriate conditions for the will of citizens and ensure adequate representation of their interests, in many countries the development of electoral technologies is underway to introduce new ways to increase accessibility, efficiency and comfort of the voting process. voting with remote access. // Introduction of new voting technologies into the election process is a consequence of technological development. The use of these technologies must comply with the principles of democratic elections, without raising public doubts about the reliability of the voting results. That is why the issue of implementing electronic voting in democracies has been accompanied by broad professional and public discussions for many years. On the one hand, remote electronic voting (hereinafter - DEG) is a conscious future, and on the other - a source of new challenges and potential risks. At the same time, as democracies continue to discuss and carefully accumulate experience in the application of DEG, authoritarian regimes (such as the Russian Federation) can use new technologies to address the preservation of their political system.

Transparency of Public Procurement in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Between Theory and Practice

Transparentnost javnih nabavki u Bosni i Hercegovini - Između teorije i prakse

Author(s): Nermina Voloder / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; public procurement; transparency; theory; practice;

Transparentnost se često izdvaja kao jedan od ključnih pokazatelja pravednog i funkcionalnog sistema javnih nabavki, a podrazumijeva dostupnost svih relevantnih informacija koje omogućavaju zainteresiranim subjektima da budu upoznati sa pravilima i procedurama koje se primjenjuju u procesu javnih nabavki. Ukoliko javni organ ne osigura adekvatan nivo transparentnosti, nije moguće provjeriti da li je postupak javne nabavke proveden nepristrasno i u skladu sa procedurama. U tom kontekstu, transparentno provođenje javnih nabavki doprinosi većoj odgovornosti javnih organa i efikasnijoj kontroli trošenja javnih sredstava. Ugovorni organi u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) dužni su transparentno provoditi postupke javne nabavke, osigurati jednak i fer tretman svih ponuđača, a sve sa ciljem postizanja najbolje vrijednosti za javni novac. Ovi principi propisani su Zakonom o javnim nabavkama u Bosni i Hercegovini (u daljnjem tekstu: ZJNBiH), koji je usvojen u aprilu 2014. godine, kao dio reforme sistema javnih nabavki i usklađivanja domaćeg zakonodavstva sa legislativom Evropske unije. Novi, modernizirani zakonski okvir u BiH uspostavljen je deset godina nakon usvajanja prvog Zakona o javnim nabavkama iz 2004. godine, koji je u praksi pokazao brojne manjkavosti, između ostalog, i u domenu transparentnosti. Iako je novim zakonom bolje normiran aspekt transparentnosti u javnim nabavkama, i dalje su uočljivi nedostaci koji bi mogli imati značajne implikacije na praksu. U ovoj analizi upravo je jedan od ciljeva procijeniti u kojoj mjeri zakonski okvir osigurava adekvatan nivo transparentnosti u javnim nabavkama u BiH, te na koji bi se način transparentnost mogla unaprijediti. Analiza nudi uvid u glavne prepreke transparentnosti u oblasti javnih nabavki, posebno u svjetlu međunarodnih standarda i komparativnih praksi, prvenstveno se fokusirajući na postojeća zakonska i institucionalna rješenja u ovoj oblasti. Potrebno je napomenuti da se novi Zakon o javnim nabavkama BiH primjenjuje tek od novembra 2014. godine te određeni podzakonski akti relevantni za transparentnost još nisu doneseni. Iz tog je razloga uvid u praksu javnih nabavki ograničen u ovoj fazi istraživanja. Ovaj izvještaj stavlja fokus na obaveze javnih institucija da, u skladu sa Zakonom o javnim nabavkama BiH, samoinicijativno objavljuju ključne informacije o javnim nabavkama, koje omogućavaju provođenje postupka javnih nabavki, ali i uvid javnosti u proces dodjele ugovora. Također, pristup svim javnim informacijama u posjedu bilo koje institucije u BiH, uključujući i specifične informacije o javnim nabavkama, moguće je zahtijevati u skladu sa zakonima o slobodnom pristupu informacijama, koji su usvojeni na državnom i entitetskom nivou, no taj aspekt transparentnosti nije predmet ove analize. Za potrebe ovog izvještaja u obzir su uzete glavne rasprave konceptualne prirode kada je u pitanju transparentnost u procesima javnih nabavki. Potom je urađen pregled međunarodnih standarda u ovoj oblasti, sa fokusom na Direktive Evropske unije o provođenju postupaka javne nabavke, kao i na presude Evropskog suda pravde. Također, predstavljene su komparativne prakse u domenu transparentnih javnih nabavki u zemljama Evropske unije, koje imaju inovativne pristupe unapređenju sistema javnih nabavki, poput Slovačke i Portugala. Posebno su analizirani zakonski okviri i prakse zemalja regije zapadnog Balkana, koje su u posljednjih nekoliko godina inovirale svoj zakonski i institucionalni okvir u ovom domenu, kao dio procesa približavanja članstvu u Evropskoj uniji. Ovdje se prije svega misli na iskustva Hrvatske, Srbije i Slovenije. Analizirani su i dosadašnji izvještaji u ovoj oblasti, te stari i novi zakonski i institucionalni okvir. Konačno, urađeni su intervjui sa predstavnicima ključnih institucija, uključujući Agenciju za javne nabavke (u daljnjem tekstu: AJN) i Ured za razmatranje žalbi (u daljnjem tekstu: URŽ), kao i sa predstavnicima poslovne zajednice u BiH.