Search results for: Danziger Trilogie in All Content

COGNITIVE DISPOSITIONS INFLUENCING JUDGES’ SENTENCING DECISIONS

SKŁONNOŚCI POZNAWCZE SĘDZIEGO WPŁYWAJĄCE NA WYSOKOŚĆ WYMIERZONEJ KARY

Author(s): Łukasz Markiewicz,Agnieszka Markiewicz-Żuchowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 18/2012

Keywords: law and psychology; rationality; judicial decision making, judicial sentencing decision; severity of punishment; heuristics; prospect theory; forensic psychology; court and judges

The paper presents the literature review on judicial decision making process and focuses particularly on sentencing decisions. The first paragraph has been devoted to legal directives that should inform the judge decisions about the decision weight of particular perpetrator/offence features in sentencing. Whatsoever the system of sentencing is immensely complicated even for judges: the defi nitions of the above mentioned directives seem to be fundamentally contentious and it remains obscure how much weight is and should be given to each of them. This situation makes different judges give different sentences for the same offence. Furthermore, the judicial practice reveals some turns-out-to-be aggravating factors that should never be taken into consideration in sentencing. Thus, in the same paragraph, the authors present methods which may help to identify the true factors and their weight in sentencing process. In the second paragraph the authors discuss the influence of judges’ cognitive dispositions (deeply rooted in psychophysics as well in heuristic reasoning) on sentencing decisions. The roles of Weber’s law and anchoring heuristic have been highlighted. Finally a discussion follows on the influence of dispositions rooted in Prospect Theory on parties’ propensity toward reaching a compromise even before the trial

The beginnings of photography in Poland. Daguerreotype period

Początki fotografii w Polsce. Czas dagerotypii

Author(s): Wanda Mossakowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 22/2013

Keywords: photography; history of photography; Polish photography; silesian photography; pomeranian photography; vintage photography; old photographic technique; daguerreotype

The article comprises the period from 1839 till the end of 1950s and it is a comprehensive history of daguerreotype in regions from Silesia to Eastern borderlands, which interchangeably belonged to Poland during various times. The references, contained in footnotes, lead one to illustrations in various publications.

A Linguistic Exploration of Kashubia; The Linguists of the 19th and 20th Centuries and the Kashubian Problem in the Light of German and Polish Journalism

Die sprachliche Erschließung des Kaschubenlandes; Sprachwissenschaftler des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts und die kaschubische Frage im Lichte der deutschen und polnischen Publizistik

Author(s): Izolda Gulczyńska-Zalewska / Language(s): German / Issue: V/2003

The SCene of political Parties. An Overview

Parteienlandschaft in Polen. Eine Übersicht

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German / Issue: 20/1999

A Conflict for Values in the Origins and at the Beginning of the Thirteen Years’ War

A Conflict for Values in the Origins and at the Beginning of the Thirteen Years’ War

Author(s): Stefan Kwiatkowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

Keywords: the Teutonic Order;Prussian Confederation;law and justice in cultural sense;

W przededniu wojny trzynastoletniej naprzeciwko siebie stanęły dwie koncepcje ładu krajowego: zakonna i stanowa. Ścierały się one ze sobą od dłuższego czasu, aż w końcu stały się nie do pogodzenia. Zakon, jeśli chodzi o zasadę, stał na gruncie priorytetu prawa bożego, z zasady niezmiennego, wiecznego. Jego poddani, skonfederowani w Związku Pruskim, powoływali się na to, co przysługuje poddanemu z racji otrzymanych przywilejów, prawa pozytywnego, pojmowanego jako gwarancja zachowania sprawiedliwości pomiędzy ludźmi.Podstawą sporu o wartości stało się pojęcie ius i pochodne od niego: iustitia i iustum, zaprowadzające ład w stosunkach między ludźmi, regulujące to, co przysługiwało człowiekowi w relacjach z innymi ludźmi. Jako duchowny pan kraju stał na stanowisku Zakon, że iustitia opiera się na autorytecie prawa kanonicznego i cesarskiego, następnie władzy krajowej wyposażonej w przyrodzone prerogatywy (znany jest cytat opinii brata zakonnego wobec poddanych: „my jesteśmy waszym prawem”). Krzyżacy i ich poplecznicy twierdzili, że związkowcy występują przeciw słusznym prawom Zakonu i Kościoła, że chociaż na mocy iustitia poddani są zobowiązani do posłuszeństwa i lojalności, to jako ludzie o określonym, wysokim statusie postępują buntowniczo, tym samym niegodnie.Związkowcy powoływali się na przywileje, należące do prawa krajowego. Na nich opierali poczucie swej godności (ehrbar Leute) i subiektywne rozumienie sprawiedliwości. Postawy tej nie można zrozumieć bez uwzględnienia jej kulturowego kontekstu. Według związkowców, na mocy ogólnego wyobrażenia o prawie i sprawiedliwości, przywódcy zakonni i prałaci mieli być związani powinnością zachowania sprawiedliwości człowieka względem drugiego człowieka, oddania tego, co mu się należy. Dlatego w argumentacji związkowej pojęcie sprawiedliwości odnosi się do praw ludzi, którzy są poddanymi władzy zakonnej, ale wyposażonymi w prawne gwarancje. Ius i iustitia miały być fundamentem z jednej strony ładu krajowego (zapewnienie dobra powszechnego, w szczególności pokoju i sprawiedliwych sądów), z drugiej zaś – gwarancją czci i honoru poddanych. To założenie w znacznej mierze określało faktyczne stosunki poddanych z władztwem zakonnym już w okresie wcześniejszym. Jednakże w połowie XV w. przedstawiciele Zakonu i Związku Pruskiego zradykalizowali swe pozycje. Krzyżacy dążyli do umocnienia swoich władczych prerogatyw w kraju. W argumentacji związkowców, zasługującej zresztą na uwzględnienie przez historyka jej antropologicznych aspektów, Zakon pogwałcił prawa mieszkańców Prus, a przez swoje zarzuty wobec nich zniesławił ich i zakwestionował publicznie, na szerokim forum ich poczucie godności, honoru i prawowierności.

The problem of settlement in Gdańsk in the first years after the end of WWII

Problem osadnictwa w Gdańsku w pierwszych latach po zakończeniu II wojny światowej

Author(s): Sylwia Bykowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2017

Keywords: the year 1945;the settlement activity;Recovered Territories;migrations;settlers;expatriates;the origin of Gdańsk inhabitants;

The article discusses the problem the mass settlement in Gdańsk, which in the first years after the end of WWII started a new period in the history of the city. For the majority of Poles Gdańsk was a Polish city, which should belong to Poland. That is why it was often chosen as the destination for migrations. The article presents the organizational foundations of the settlement action, its course and the dynamics of the process of populating the city in the first post-war years. Apart from indicating the centres of the authority and institutions involved in the settlement process in Gdańsk, the article presents factors affecting the settlement potential in the city. One of the most important questions was the search for rooms and flats for Polish settlers and chaos resulting from the fact of various housing committees competing for dwellings for their workers. The last part of the article shows the dynamics of the settlement in terms of the statistical development and the territorial origin of Gdansk inhabitants.

The Conflict of the Owner of an Inn in Myszewo (Mausdorf) with the Council of the Old City of Elbląg (Elbing)

Konflikt karczmarza z Myszewa z radą Starego Miasta Elbląga

Author(s): Roman Czaja,Janusz Tandecki / Language(s): Polish,German / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: the history of Elbląg;the Teutonic Order;the political system;Prussian towns;the Middle Ages;governing groups;

The article is devoted to the conflict between Peter Steynort, a miller from the Dzierzgoń [Christburg] commandry and the inhabitants of the Old City of Elbląg in the years 1411-1412. The details of the conflict are known from the claim put forward by Steynort to the Grand Master. In the first part of the article the conflict is described against the legal and political conditions in Elbląg at the beginning of the 15th century, while the second part includes the edition of the source. In June 1410 Peter Steynort purchased on credit an inn in the village of Myszewo [Mausdorf] situated in the patrimony of the Old City of Elblag. A month later the inn was burnt down by the Lithuanian-Ruthenian troops taking part in the siege of Marlbork [Marienburg]. In March 1411 Peter Steynort returned to Myszewo, but refused to pay off 140 marks for the inn and two hides of land saying that the commander had not agreed to the transaction. The essence of the conflict was the discrepancy between the rule of territorial jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction along with the right to exemption. The authorities of Elbląg had full rights to execute the judicial power on the territory of the city and the patrimony. On the contrary, Peter Steynort believed that he could not carry out legal actions without the permission of the commander. The source material published here shows the daily activities of the city’s courts and the belief shared by the Elbląg elites about the right to the legal-political autonomy of the city.

Doctrine and Politics in the Latin Biblical Poetry of Philip Melanchthon’s Silesian Disciples

Doctrine and Politics in the Latin Biblical Poetry of Philip Melanchthon’s Silesian Disciples

Author(s): Angelika Modlińska-Piekarz / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: Protestant doctrines; Latin biblical poetry; Reformation; Philip Melanchthon; Jacob Kuchler; Joannes Seckerwitz; Thomas Mawer; Caspar Pridmann; Laurentius Fabricius

This article deals with selected works by Philip Melanchthon’s Silesian disciples who studied in Wittenberg in the years 1545–1560: Jacob Kuchler from Jelenia Góra (about 1526 – about 1572), Joannes Seckerwitz from Wrocław (about 1529 – about 1583), Thomas Mawer from Trzebiel (1536–1575), Caspar Pridmann from Głogów (1537–1598) and Laurentius Fabricius from Ruda (1539–1577). The article’s focus is on the doctrinal and political meaning of the works used as a tool in fighting the Catholic Church and in spreading Protestantism in the stormy era of the religious struggle waged in Silesia and in the entire territory of Central and Northern Europe. The texts analysed here also aimed to promote and spread Protestant doctrines and principles (sola gratia, solus Christus, sola fide, sola Scriptura, predestination, the repudiation of priesthood and celibacy) across the Empire, Poland, Prussia and Livonia.

Krakow and Wrocław’s correspondence with the Main Town of Gdańsk in the late medieval period

Korespondencja Krakowa i Wrocławia z Głównym Miastem Gdańskiem w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Marcin Grulkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2012

Keywords: Krakow and Wrocław; Town of Gdańsk; correspondence;

The subject of this article is the correspondence between Gdańsk and the cities of Krakow and Wrocław in the late medieval period. Only letters between the municipal authorities of these cities are considered herein. The sources on which this article is based consist of letters sent from Krakow (24) and Wrocław (37) to Gdańsk’s Main Town council. The second group of sources is provided by city records featuring copies of letters (known as “missiva”) sent from Gdańsk to the aforementioned cities (Ref. No. APGd, 300, 27/1–12). These records include copies of 10 letters sent to Krakow, 22 – sent to Wrocław and two – sent to both cities. In this article the letters have been divided into six thematic groups. They cover topics concerning membership of the Hansa (in particular regarding the participation of city representatives in Hanseatic assemblies), as well as trade, financial obligations, rents, inheritances and other issues. Th is correspondence illustrates the problems which occurred in Gdańsk’s relations with Krakow and Wrocław. In the late medieval period these cities belonged to different economic zones: Gdańsk was part of the Baltic zone, whilst Krakow and Wrocław belonged to the upper-German zone. Th is, however, was no obstacle to mutual contacts. Up until the latter half of the 15th century, all of these cities were united in their membership of the Hanseatic League.

Doctrine and Politics in Neo-Latin Biblical Poetry of Philip Melanchthon’s Silesian Students

Doktryna i polityka w łacińskiej poezji biblijnej śląskich uczniów Filipa Melanchtona

Author(s): Angelika Modlińska-Piekarz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

Keywords: Filip Melanchton; Jacob Kuchler; Joannes Seckerwitz; Thomas Mawer; Caspar Pridmann; Laurentius Fabricius; Protestant doctrines; neo-Latin biblical poetry; Reformation

The article presents selected works of Philip Melanchthon’s Silesian pupils who studied in Wittenberg during last years of the big Protestant reformer (1545–1560). Some biblical poems of Jacob Kuchler (ca. 1526 – ca. 1572), Joannes Seckerwitz (ca. 1529–1583), Thomas Mawer (1536–1575), Caspar Pridmann (1537–1598), and Laurentius Fabricius (1539–1577) are elaborated. The study seeks to decipher the political and religious function of propaganda of these religious publications, with particular emphasis on their role played in the religious battle against the Catholic Church and for the promotion of several protestant doctrines, including: a doctrine of “justification by grace alone, by Christ alone, through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone”. Their authors highlighted also the doctrine of predestination, simple and modest religious worship, and questioned the religious significance of the priesthood and the celibacy. This poetry was written not only for Germans, Silesians, but also for the Polish, Prussian and Livonian people.

The Political Activation of the Polish Society of Eastern Pomerania in the Elections to the Reichstag, 1871–1914

Aktywizacja polityczna społeczeństwa Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego w wyborach do Reichstagu 1871–1914

Author(s): Szczepan Wierzchosławski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

Keywords: the 19th century;German Empire;politics;parliament;elections;Poles;Eastern Pomerania;

The publication constitutes an analysis of the activation of Poles – citizens of the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire residing in the province of West Prussia (Eastern Pomerania) in the elections to the German parliament (Reichstag) in the 19th century (until 1914). On the one hand, it was demonstrated that every contemporary citizen of the German state had equal rights irrespective of their nationality; on the other hand, the author presented the process of shaping the national consciousness of Poles using the law to organize a network of their own electoral committees and elect their Polish representatives to the legislative institutions of that state, in the national rivalry with the German society in Eastern Pomerania. Statistically, a successive increase in activation in this area and its specific results in particular electoral districts were presented, depending not only on nationality statistics, but also on the organization of the electoral campaign and the level of the increasing social, national and political awareness. The article presents the organizational manifestations of the national independence of the Polish society of Eastern Pomerania, which was one of the basic factors justifying the inclusion of this region within the boundaries of the reborn Polish state.

Anna Maria Cienciała (1929–2014) as a Historian of Diplomacy

Anna Maria Cienciała (1929–2014) jako historyk dyplomacji

Author(s): Marek Kornat / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2016

Keywords: history of diplomacy; international relations; Polish foreign policy; Józef Beck; Anna Cienciała; Versailles; Poland between the wars (1918-1939);

The article discusses Anna Maria Cienciała (d. 2014), professor at the universities of Montreal and Kansas City, an outstanding Polish historian working in the USA, and without doubt one of the prominent historians of twentieth–century diplomacy. First and foremost, Professor Cienciała was the author of the fundamental monograph: Poland and the Western Powers 1938–1939 (1968), which she gave the subtitle: Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe. She was also the editor of the reminiscences of Józef Beck about his mission in 1932–1939, and published several score valuable articles and studies about international politics in the first half of the twentieth century. For many years Professor Cienciała studied Polish inter–war foreign policy and indubitably created its highly convincing interpretation. In doing so she defended the validity of the balance policy and was of the opinion that the Polish–German agreement of 26 January 1934 served the interests of Poland. Furthermore, she maintained that the “collective security” mission was an illusion and supported the correctness of the decision made by Minister Józef Beck regarding the ultimatum addressed to Czechoslovakia on 30 September 1938. Rightly opposing the views of Western historians proclaiming the need for Polish–Soviet cooperation, Professor Cienciała declared that in 1939 there were no real chances for the inclusion of the Soviet Union into an anti–German coalition. She arrived at important findings while interpreting British policy as based on a thesis assuming the existence of special spheres of British interests on the Continent (the Mediterranean Sea basin and the frontier along the Rhine). Professor Cienciała perceived Polish policies in 1939 as devoid of a political alternative: the acceptance of German territorial demands resulted in the status of a vassal of the Great Reich and obtaining Soviet aid was impossible. Polish diplomacy was also incapable of gaining the immediate active assistance of the Western Powers in a defensive war against Germany.

Pilėnai—the Lithuanian Masada: Unravelling a Legend

Pilenai – das litauische Masada. Auf den Spuren einer Legende

Author(s): Darius Baronas / Language(s): German / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: Teutonic Order; Lithuania; historiography; Romanticism; heroism; Pilėnai;

The subject matter of this article is the tradition of the heroic defence of the castle of Pilėnai that culminated around the events of February 1336, when the Lithuanians had been engaged by the Teutonic Knights and their allies in the crusade. According to common opinion, the defence of the Pilėnai castle and the behaviour of its leader, Duke Margiris, constitute a paradigmatic example of Lithuanian bravery in defence of their freedom to the bitter end—suicide. The application of a layer-by-layer method of textual criticism allows us to uncover the point of departure and the subsequent points of destination of the story of Pilėnai. The “close reading” of the only reliable and detailed contemporary source, the chronicle of Wigand of Marburg (1394), has revealed a picture that stands in stark contrast to all later (secondary) sources. While we cannot take at face value each and every narrative detail of the story, the bloody chaos that erupted in the castle and the lack of active defence on the part of the Lithuanians are, in our view, substantially true. The first motifs of the heroic defence emerged only with the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz (1415- 1480). His lead was followed up by all subsequent historians and writers who produced a magnificent picture based on the imitation of historians of Antiquity and their own reservoir of rhetoric knowledge. The Polish-Lithuanian historian Maciej Stryjkowski and the Prussian historian Caspar Schütz contributed most considerably to the development of the legend of Pilėnai in the 16th century. After a lull in the Baroque period, a revival of the legend occurred in the time of Romanticism. The image of the heroic defence of Pilėnai was once again reproduced on the pages of the works of German/Prussian writers and historyians such as August L. von Schlözer, Ludwig von Baczko, August von Kotzebue and especially Johannes Voigt. It was from them that Polish and Lithuanian romantic writers and historians, such as Simonas Daukantas, Teodor Narbutt, Władysław Syrokomla and Józef I. Kraszewski, drew the inspiration for their own literary images about the siege and defence of Pilėnai castle. Since then the defence of freedom and the idealization of the suicide has become part and parcel of the Pilėnai story. This story was viewed as essentially Lithuanian, permeated as it was with blood- and native language-related imagery. That is why it was avidly exploited by those Lithuanian intellectuals who at the end of the 19th century saw it as their mission to fill with content the not-too-well developed Lithuanian historical and national consciousness. This article has sought to uncover the main stages in the development of the legend of Pilėnai and to display the ups and downs conditioned by the changing intellectual climate. The analysis of the Pilėnai story offers a superb vantage point into the current psyche of those numerous Lithuanians whose national self-consciousness is (still) heavily beholden to nineteenth-century Romanticism and twentieth century nationalism.

‘Freundtschafft die auch nach dem Tod wärt’

„Freundtschafft die auch nach dem Tod wart”

Author(s): Katarzyna Pękacka-Falkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: history of medicine; anatomia nova; peregrinatio medica; Gdansk; Amsterdam; seventeenth century

The case study article aims to reconstruct the biography of Daniel Gödtke (1640/41 – after 1674), a doctor of philosophy and medicine from Gdansk and to analyse the specific nature and scope of his studies in the United Provinces of the Netherlands, so that it can be explained what impact study visits in academic centres had on students from the semiperipheral European countries. The article makes use of the inductive, philological, genealogical and comparative methods; evidential paradigm was also used. In the 1650s, 1660s and 1670s, the inhabitants of Royal Prussia willingly took up medical studies at Dutch universities and studied in academic gymnasia there. Leiden, Amsterdam and other places in the Northern Netherlands, which were home for famous anatomists, surgeons, lithotomists, chymiatrists, collectors and botanists, were also important stops en route of young students of ars medica from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, mainly Protestants, who later became graduates of French, Swiss or German universities. Daniel Gödtke, the half-brother of the painter Daniel Schultz the Younger, was one of the seventeenth-century doctors of philosophy and medicine from Gdansk who has been forgotten by contemporary history. He studied at the University of Leiden and the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam, and in 1671 graduated from the University of Harderwijk; his inaugural dispute focused on practical medicine. His most influential teacher during his stay in the Northern Netherlands was Gerard Blaes, a famous anatomist and chymiatrist, who supervised Gödtke when he conducted his zootomy research. The cooperation between the student and the master resulted in two exercitii gratia disputes presented by Gödtke in Amsterdam in 1666, as well as two volumes of anatomical observations conducted by the collegium privatum Amstelodamense (1667 and 1674), where Gödtke was a member and a participant. The promising scientific career of Gödtke was interrupted before his return to his hometown, most probably due to his premature death.

The Origins of Pietism in Gdańsk

Początki pietyzmu w Gdańsku

Author(s): Liliana Lewandowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2020

Keywords: Samuel Schelwig; Philipp Jakob Spener; Lutheranism; Pietism; religious orthodoxy; religious disputes; Gdańsk; early modern period

The article presents an analysis of the foreword by Samuel Schelwig (1643–1715), pastor of the Holy Trinity Church and rector of the Academic Gymnasium in Gdańsk (Danzig), to the opinion issued by the theological faculty of the University of Leipzig on Pietism and its founder Philipp Jakob Spener (1635–1705). The opinion was published in 1693 under the title ‘Gründliches und wolgesetztes Bedencken, Von der Pietisterey’. The author of the foreword made an assessment of the religious condition of the new movement and also pointed out that its supporters misunderstood the essence of piety, comparing them to medieval and early modern heretics. In this way, he anticipated the subsequent harsh criticism of Pietism and initiated a religious dispute on this issue that continued in Gdańsk from 1692/1693 to 1703. At the same time, he contributed to the dissemination of a debate on religious fanaticism and attempts to modernise pastoral activities of Lutheran preachers. The analysis of the source text is part of broader research into the history of the Pietistic movement in Gdańsk, which has incorporated research methods in the fields of philology and history, as well as biblical hermeneutics. This approach has made it possible to determine the origin of the conflict on Pietism in Gdańsk, to identify the related phenomena, events and key doctrinal issues, and to interpret and evaluate the theological value of the investigated polemic.

Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. in the Period of 1920–1939

Lloyd Bydgoski w latach 1920–1939

Author(s): Jordan Siemianowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: economic history; Bydgoszcz; Bydgoszcz Canal; inland shipping; Great Depression; interwar period

Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. was the largest inland shipping company in Poland during the interwar period. It was established in 1891 on the foundations of a pre-existing German shipping company. After the end of the First World War, the development of the company accelerated through the use of the Bydgoszcz Canal and the timber port in Bydgoszcz. However, the transition from Prussian jurisdiction to the re-established Polish state caused considerable problems for the company. The aim of this article is to analyse and evaluate the management policy of Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. under new conditions, namely in the Second Polish Republic. As it turned out, almost throughout the entire interwar period, the company from Bydgoszcz was in serious financial trouble, which cannot be entirely accounted for by the world economic crisis of 1929–1933. This raises the question about the purpose of the company’s activity in the face of considerable financial losses. To conduct the analysis, various archival documents kept in the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw and in the State Archives in Bydgoszcz, which have not been given sufficient consideration so far, were studied. It has been proven that the management of Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. took the right steps in the years 1926–1929, that is the only period when the company made a profit. The company from Bydgoszcz was forced to face two economic crises: global and internal. The latter was caused by incompetence and wastefulness on the part of the company’s management. The company survived until the outbreak of the Second World War. Unfortunately, the decline in importance of the Bydgoszcz Canal and Bydgoszcz itself in favour of Toruń meant that Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. did not manage to regain its former significance during the interwar period.

The Analysis of Finding a Job Anxieties and Attitudes Directed to Course of Students Taken Accounting Courses: A Research on the Students of Accounting and Tax Applications Programme

Muhasebe Eğitimi Alan Önlisans Öğrencilerinin Muhasebe Derslerine Yönelik Tutumlarının ve İş Bulma Kaygılarının İncelenmesi: Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Programı Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Mehmet Can Yumuşaker,Mustafa Killi / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: Accounting students; job finding anxiety; attitude towards accounting course;

The biggest expectation of students who are taking university education is to find a job in which they can work in the field they training area. One of the most important concerns of students who have received accounting education at associate degree level is whether they can work in the field received education after graduation. In this study, it is aimed to determine the factors that affect students' anxiety to find a job by measuring both their attitudes towards accounting lessons and job find anxiety. Fort this purpose, in order to examine the attitudes directed to accounting courses and their job find anxiety of the students of Accounting and Tax Applications Programme at İskenderun Technical University and Osmaniye Korkut Ata University a questionnaire was applied. The data were analyzed in SPSS 25 statistic software. As a result of the research, it was observed that job anxiety and accounting course attitudes affect each other in various sub-dimensions and there is a positive and low level of significant relationship between them.

Historical Goldsmithry in the Churches of the Archdiocese of Kraków - Remarks on the Recent Inventory

Historical Goldsmithry in the Churches of the Archdiocese of Kraków - Remarks on the Recent Inventory

Author(s): Józef Skrabski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: goldsmithry; Kraków; artisanal handicraft; Archdiocese of Kraków; Marcin Lekszycki;

In the years 2013–2018 a scientific project “Artisinal Handicraft in the Churches of Kraków Archdiocese,” financed by the National Humanities Development Programme (No. 11 H 120 11 681), was realized at the Institute of History of Art and Culture of The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow. In its course, over 11,100 works of art in more than 160 churches were catalogued and digitalized, and over 40,000 photos were taken. The documentation was rendered available in an academic database (ram.upjp2.edu.pl). This paper is an attempt to outline the most crucial issues associated with the performed tasks, present the most interesting discoveries, such as the baroque monstrance in the Wawrzeńczyce church.

The difference of opinion between Romanian judges – causes and necessity

Diferenţa de opinii dintre judecătorii români – cauze şi necesitate

Author(s): Andrea Annamaria Chiş / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 02/2021

Keywords: dissenting opinion; separate opinion; concurring opinion;

This study is a reason for reflection on two topics that the law in Romania has dealt with to a lesser extent, namely: why do judges think differently and whether it is appropriate in all situations to exhibit a different thinking in an opinion that does not coincide with that of the majority. It is important for judges to know the reasons that may lead them to arrive at determinations that are at odds with those of other judges and even with those made by themselves under similar circumstances. This awareness will prevent their decision making from being swayed by external factors of which they are unaware. Minority opinions can and should be rendered only when absolutely necessary, that is when the different views cannot be reconciled. When this happens, tact, politeness, and neutrality are needed. It is therefore necessary to identify the situations in which dissenting opinions or judgments that are at odds with those rendered by other judges of the court are uncalled for. Recommendations are made on how best to reason such an opinion so that it is accepted and it does not undermine the authority of both the judgment and the court. The study is mostly based on the author’s knowledge of soft skills and personal experience, and it contains references to books, films, speeches, conferences from various areas of universal culture, from literature to psychology and spirituality.

THE TIME OF DIALECTIC SPIRITUALISM From Medina to Mecca Charter

VRIJEME DIJALEKTIČKOG SPIRITUALIZMA Od Medinske do Mekkanske povelje

Author(s): Mustafa Cerić / Language(s): Bosnian,English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: Islam; Peace; Dialectical Spiritualism; the Spirit of the Age; Medina Charter; Magna Carta Libertatum; Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Nostra Aetate; Declaration of European Muslims;

A crisis is a call for change and creative thinking that initiates a dialectics of thought and action. Also, the challenge for nations as well as individuals in crisis is to figure out which parts of their identities are already functioning well and do not need changing, and which parts are no longer working and do need changing. Indeed, Muslim thought today needs the courage to recognize what must be changed in order to deal with the new circumstances. But, at the same time, Muslim scholars need to draw a line and stress the elements that are so fundamental to the faith and culture of Islam that they refuse to be changed. This state of affairs we call dialectical spiritualism, as opposed to Marxist „dialectical materialism“. It is time for humanity to meet the Zeitgeist, „Spirit of the Age“, which is „the Spirit of Peace“ among religions and nations across the globe. History, past and present, is not void of good examples of accords, charters, declarations and commitments to peaceful coexistence between religions and nations from the Medina Charter (622), the Magna Carta Libertatum (1215), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Nostra Aetate (1965), the Declaration of European Muslims (2005), the Common Word Between Us and You (2007), the Marrakesh Declaration (2016), the Alliance of Virtue for the Common Good (2018), the Declaration of Human Fraternity (2019) to the Mecca Charter (2019). All these initiatives, past and present, promote the idea of „the Spirit of Peace“ of all times, but this current time has the biggest need of all times for the Zeitgeist, „Spirit of the Age“, which is the „Spirit of Peace and Tolerance“. This paper attempts to explain this need from a Muslim perspective with a comparison with other initiatives.