At What Cost? Offshoring Implications for Labor and Migration in Morocco and Tunisia, 2010–2024
At What Cost? Offshoring Implications for Labor and Migration in Morocco and Tunisia, 2010–2024

Author(s): Amira Namouchi
Subject(s): Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Comparative Law, Administrative Law, Labour and Social Security Law
Published by: ADJURIS – International Academic Publisher
Keywords: offshoring; employment; migration; policy impact;
Summary/Abstract: This paper examines the impact of offshoring in information and communication services on employment and migration in Tunisia and Morocco, two increasingly integrated economies into global production networks. The objective is to assess whether offshoring contributes meaningfully to job creation and influences migration trends in both countries. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines empirical analysis of sectoral employment and net migration data with a review of national policies and structural labor market characteristics. The findings reveal that while offshoring has led to some increase in service sector employment, its overall impact on total employment remains limited due to persistent structural constraints and limited integration into knowledge-intensive sectors. Moreover, no significant impact was found on migration rates, due to structural factors such as human development, irregular migration and state policies that actively promote emigration as a means of development. The findings imply that for offshoring to become a more effective lever of development, Tunisia and Morocco must implement policies that foster higher-value employment, invest in skills training, and create more balanced incentives between offshore and onshore investment regimes.

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