Gender and Identity
Gender and Identity
Theories from and/or on Southeastern Europe
Contributor(s): Jelisaveta Blagojević (Editor), Katerina Kolozova (Editor), Svetlana Slapšak (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Social Sciences, Gender Studies, Sociology, Gender history, Sociology of Politics, Politics and Identity
Published by: Centar za ženske studije & Centar za studije roda i politike, Fakultet političkih nauka, Beograd
Keywords: gender identity; women's studies
- Print-ISBN-10: 86-86513-00-X
- Page Count: 472
- Publication Year: 2006
- Language: English
Taking Place of Love: Borderlines of Subjectivity
Taking Place of Love: Borderlines of Subjectivity
(Taking Place of Love: Borderlines of Subjectivity)
- Author(s):Jelisaveta Blagojević
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Social Philosophy
- Page Range:17-23
- No. of Pages:7
- Summary/Abstract:ONE PRESUPPOSITION OF THIS PAPER IS THE NECESSITY TO RETHINK LOVE AS A THEORETICAL AND A POLITICAL CONCEPT. THIS MEANS, ON THE ONE HAND TO RETHINK HOW LOVE CONSTRUCTS ITSELF, HOW IT “IS,” AND ON THE OTHER HAND, HOW IT IS CONSTRUCTED WITHIN THE SAME GESTURE IN WHICH WESTERN, SELF-POSSESSIVE, SELF-REFLEXIVE, AND SELF-AFFECTIVE SUBJECTIVITY HAS CONSTRUCTED ITSELF. THE PRINCIPLE ACCORDING TO WHICH LOVE IS NECESSARILY RELATED TO POLITICS AND REASON, WHICH ALSO SEEMS INSEPARABLE FROM OUR CONCEPTIONS OF LAW AND KNOWLEDGE, FAILS TO AVOID THE VERY PARADOX OF LOVE: HOW CAN WE APPROPRIATE THE OTHER AND MAINTAIN THE OTHERNESS OF THE OTHER AT THE SAME TIME?
The Aura of the Actress
The Aura of the Actress
(The Aura of the Actress)
- Author(s):Lada Čale Feldman
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Gender history, Film / Cinema / Cinematography
- Page Range:25-41
- No. of Pages:17
- Summary/Abstract:ARE ACTING THEORY AND HISTORY GENDER-INFLECTED DISCOURSES, HAVING IN MIND ACTING’S MAIN VEHICLE OF EXPRESSION – THE HUMAN BODY – AND THE CONCOMITANT FACT THAT SEPARATE CHAPTERS OF ACTING THEORY AND HISTORY NECESSARILY, IF IMPLICITLY, RELIED ON PHILOSOPHICAL AND MEDICAL, LATER ALSO PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTUALISATIONS OF SEXUAL DIFFERENCE? THIS ARTICLE OFFERS A SHORT SURVEY OF SHIFTING HISTORICAL IDEAS REGARDING THE FEMALE ACTING PRACTICE AS AN EITHER NEGLECTED OR OVERVALUED, “INDOMITABLE” SUPPLÉMENT DISTURBING ALL ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT A UNIFIED AESTHETIC, HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL DISCOURSE ON ACTING, LET ALONE THE ONE WHICH WOULD PROVE INDEPENDENT OF WHAT BOURDIEU CALLS THE HISTORICAL LABOUR OF DEHISTORICIZING THE PROCESS OF OVERALL SEXUALISATION OF COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO CATEGORIES DERIVED FROM THE ANDOCENTRIC UNCONSCIOUS.
The Fiction of Gender Constructing the Fiction of Nation: On How Fictions Are Normative, and Norms Produce Exceptions
The Fiction of Gender Constructing the Fiction of Nation: On How Fictions Are Normative, and Norms Produce Exceptions
(The Fiction of Gender Constructing the Fiction of Nation: On How Fictions Are Normative, and Norms Produce Exceptions)
- Author(s):Rada Iveković
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Gender history, Politics and society, Politics and Identity
- Page Range:43-65
- No. of Pages:23
- Summary/Abstract:THE FICTION OF GENDER CONSTRUCTING THE FICTION OF NATION: ON HOW FICTIONS ARE NORMATIVE, AND NORMS PRODUCE EXCEPTIONS, “NATION”, CLAIMING AN IMAGINARY COMMON BIRTH, RECONSTRUCTS ITSELF A POSTERIORI AS A REALITY AS IF IT HAD ALWAYS EXISTED. IT NEEDS PATRIARCHY FOR THIS. BOTH THE GENDER DIVISION, AS WELL AS THE EXCLUSION ON WHICH THE NATION IS ESTABLISHED, THOUGH CAUSALLY INTERTWINED, EXPRESS THE SAME UNIVERSAL "SHARING/SPLITTING OF REASON" (PARTAGE DE LA RAISON). BOTH CLAIM “NATURE” ESSENTIALISING THE INEQUALITY AS NATURAL. REASON IS NORMATIVE, ESPECIALLY IN ITS DIVIDED FORM. THE SEX (OR GENDER) DIFFERENCE IS POLITICAL. IT IS THE POLITICAL DIFFÉREND REPRESENTING THE HETEROSEXUAL NORMATIVE PARADIGM THROUGH SYMBOLIC ANALOGIES, FOR OTHER INJUSTICES AND INEQUALITIES. IT IS A HIERARCHY INCLUDING WOMEN AS SUBORDINATE. IT IS THE DICHOTOMY THAT FIXES GENDER AND SEX, NOT THE OPPOSITE. THE SEXUAL DIFFERENCE IS A VERY POWERFUL IDEA SHOWING THE INADEQUACY OF THE SELF WITH ITSELF.
Freud’s Disputable Dream
Freud’s Disputable Dream
(Freud’s Disputable Dream)
- Author(s):Jasna Koteska
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Metaphysics, Contemporary Philosophy
- Page Range:67-83
- No. of Pages:17
- Summary/Abstract:THE ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE POSSIBILITY OF EXPANDING THE NOTION OF THE SUBJECT. IT STARTS FROM REOPENING THE STATUS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS IN FREUD' WORK, BASED ON HIS UNWILLINGNESS TO ANALYZE THE FIRST DREAM FROM THE LAST CHAPTER OF HIS BOOK ‘THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS’. LACAN'S INTERPRETATION OF THIS DREAM CONTAINS, AMONG OTHERS, THE IDEA OF A LOOSE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE SUBJECT OF THE DREAM AND THE SUBJECT OF BEING AWAKE. HERE, WE PROPOSE THE EXPANDING OF THE NOTION OF THE SUBJECT TO THE MORE RADICAL ENTITIES, LIKE THE "SUBJECTDREAM" AND THE "SUBJECT-HALLUCINATION". IT NOT ONLY SOLVES THE ENIGMA WITH THE DISPUTABLE DREAM IN FREUD, BUT IT ALSO SHAPES THE MORE CLEAR ONTIC SUBSTANCE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS. THIS RADICALISATION CAN LEAD US TO SEVERAL IMPORTANT REVISIONS OF THE THEORIES ON THE PRE-OEDIPAL SUBJECT. A SUMMARY THAT WE SUGGEST IN RELATION TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SUBJECTIVITY WOULD FIRST AND FOREMOST BE THAT WE ARE DEALING WITH SCALABILITY, AND NOT WITH A SPECTACULAR IMAGE (THE LACANIAN "MIRROR STAGE"). AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEW CLASS OF NEURONS, THE "MIRRORNEURONS" IN 1996, WHICH PROVED THERE IS A STRONG, PRIMITIVE AND UNMEDIATED DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND THE OTHER, THESE THEORETICAL REVISIONS COULD BECOME CENTRAL TO FURTHER RETHINKING OF THE NOTIONS OF THE SUBJECT.
Identity and Liberal Culture
Identity and Liberal Culture
(Identity and Liberal Culture)
- Author(s):Tijana Milosavljević-Čajetinac
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Gender history, Political behavior, Politics and Identity
- Page Range:85-98
- No. of Pages:14
- Summary/Abstract:IF WE UNDERSTAND SELF AS A COMPLEX CONSTRUCTION, EXPRESSED AND CREATED THROUGH THE PROCESS OF SELF-REPRESENTING AND THAT THE ESSENTIAL GENRE OF SELF-REPRESENTING IS NARRATIVE, THE IDENTITY WILL APPEAR AS A MATTER OF RELATIONS MADE WITHIN OUR LINGUISTIC COMMUNITY, NOT OF SOME “PRIMORDIAL SUBJECT” TO WHICH ALL INDIVIDUAL IDENTITIES SHOULD RESPOND. THAT'S WHY INTROSPECTION, TENDING TO FIND SOME "REAL GROUND OF THE SELF" SEEMS HOPELESS… TWO EXTREME EXAMPLES IN SERBIAN MEDIEVAL HISTORY AND MYTHOLOGY ILLUSTRATE THE ROLE OF WOMAN AS A REAL TRAUMATIC ONE WITHIN THE SYMBOLIC CONSTRUCTION. THE FIRST ONE IS THE WELL KNOWN MYTH THE BUILDING OF SKADAR – ALREADY FULLY ANALYZED IN BRANKA ARSIĆ'S TEXT "QUEER SERBS" –AND THE SECOND IS A HISTORICAL PERSON – DAMNED JERINA. IN BOTH CASES, THE TOPIC IS THE BUILDING OF A TOWN/FORTRESS AND THE KEY ROLES ARE GIVEN TO WOMEN. WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO PROBLEMATIZE HERE, RELATED TO THESE EXAMPLES, IS THE MANIPULATION WITH GUILT IN STRUCTURING THE FEMALE IDENTITY AND TO TRY TO SHOW HOW THIS PROJECTION OF GUILT TO THE OTHER FIGURED IN THE EX-YUGOSLAV CONFLICT AND POLITICAL DISCOURSE.
The Lost Territory: Parables of Exile in Julia Kristeva
The Lost Territory: Parables of Exile in Julia Kristeva
(The Lost Territory: Parables of Exile in Julia Kristeva)
- Author(s):Miglena Nikolchina
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Bulgarian Literature, Contemporary Philosophy, Theory of Literature
- Page Range:99-119
- No. of Pages:21
- Summary/Abstract:THE ESSAY READS KRISTEVA’S INTERDISCIPLINARY WORK ALONG THE TRAJECTORY OF A SECRET NARRATIVE: THE NARRATIVE OF EXILE AND DISCONSOLATE WANDERING. THE CLAIM IS THAT KRISTEVA’S THEORETICAL MOVEMENT TOWARDS A FOREVER LOST OBJECT RETURNS AS THE PARABLE OF A FLIGHT AWAY FROM THAT OBJECT. THIS READING OF THE THEORETICAL VIA THE FICTIONAL UNCOVERS, HENCE, A HIDDEN MAP OF THE “LOST TERRITORY” (BULGARIA) AND ITS FORGOTTEN LANGUAGE. THE DARKENING OF THIS MAP WHICH BURSTS “ON THE FAR SIDE OF LANGUAGE” INTO SERENE IRIDESCENT SPACES PROVIDES A MODEL ABOUT THE WAYS IN WHICH KRISTEVA SPEAKS OF DARKNESS THROUGH LUMINOSITY, OF SILENCE THROUGH POLYGLOTTISM, OF THE NATIVE THROUGH THE FOREIGN, OF THE MARGINAL THROUGH THE CENTRAL, AND OF WOMEN THROUGH MALE MASQUERADE.
Women in Serbia: Post-communism, War and Nationalist Mutations
Women in Serbia: Post-communism, War and Nationalist Mutations
(Women in Serbia: Post-communism, War and Nationalist Mutations)
- Author(s):Žarana Papić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Studies in violence and power, Nationalism Studies
- Page Range:121-140
- No. of Pages:20
- Summary/Abstract:THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE SINCE THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL IN 1989 HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A RISING INCIDENCE OF VIOLENCE AS AN ACUTE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROBLEM. SOME OF THE SYSTEMS IN THE REGION INITIATED TURBULENT TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE PATH TO WESTERN-STYLE POLITICAL DEMOCRACY. THE PROBLEM OF VIOLENCE ASSUMED THE CHARACTER OF REGIONAL TURMOIL IN THE DISSOLVING MULTIETHNIC STATES OF YUGOSLAVIA AND THE SOVIET UNION.
Performing Gender Identities
Performing Gender Identities
(Performing Gender Identities)
- Author(s):Miško Šuvaković
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Gender history
- Page Range:141-157
- No. of Pages:17
- Summary/Abstract:In this text I shall confront two forms of hybridity: hybridity of a theory and hybridity of a subject, with a caveat, that these are different forms of hybridity. In the case of theory, it is about the epistemological hybridity of a piece of work, referring to different disciplinary approaches. I am operating with the interpretative platforms of confrontation of theories of art, studies of culture/gender and philosophical constructs relocated from their home contexts into non-home productions of ‘philosophical organs’ deprived of a body. In the case of a subject, it is about the performability within the cultural and, narrower still, artistic material practices of posing, representing and identifying gender identity in an image and with the help of an image. It is not about the gender identity of a ‘human being’ (from an organism to a being), but it is about pointing to representations of gender identities in artistic and cultural advocating media.
The Politics of Representation as a Projection of Identity: Female Body in Context of its Oriental Construction in Serbian Art
The Politics of Representation as a Projection of Identity: Female Body in Context of its Oriental Construction in Serbian Art
(The Politics of Representation as a Projection of Identity: Female Body in Context of its Oriental Construction in Serbian Art)
- Author(s):Simona Čupić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Visual Arts, Gender history, Sociology of Art
- Page Range:161-174
- No. of Pages:14
- Summary/Abstract:THIS ARTICLE DEALS WITH QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE NATURE OF THE REPRESENTATION OF THE FEMALE BODY WITHIN THE SO-CALLED “ORIENTAL” DISCOURSE IN SERBIAN ART: WHO IS THE PAINTER? FOR WHOM IS THE WORK PAINTED? WITH WHOM IS THE WORK IDENTIFIED? WITH WHAT OTHER POSSIBILITIES OF IDENTIFICATION DOES THE WORK LEAVE US? IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HISTORICAL CODES, A STANCE TOWARDS A BODY IS SEEN AS A PROJECTION OF SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POWER IMPULSES. IN THE FIRST CASE STUDIED, THE ARTIST, DJORDJE KRSTIC, WAS A MALE COMMISSIONED BY THE SERBIAN COURT TO PAINT A SERIES OF PAINTINGS FOR THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION AND FOREIGNERS. IN THE SECOND CASE STUDY, THE ARTIST, PAJA JOVANOVIC, WAS ALSO A MALE, A SERB WORKING IN VIENNA, WHO PAINTED FOR THE AUDIENCE OF THE “REAL EUROPE” FROM THE POSITION OF AN ALTERNATIVE IDENTITY. THE THIRD CASE STUDY FOCUSES ON A FEMALE ARTIST, BABETT BACHMAYER VUKANOVIC, WHO WAS BORN IN GERMANY BUT AFTER MARRYING A SERB MOVED TO HER HUSBAND’S HOMELAND. VISUAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF FEMALE BODIES ARE USED AS THE STARTING POINT FOR THE DECONSTRUCTION OF GENDER-RELATED QUESTIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN IGNORED IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE ÉPOQUE.
The Construction of Heterosexual and Lesbian Identities in Katalin Ladik, Radmila Lazic and Aida Bagic's Poetry
The Construction of Heterosexual and Lesbian Identities in Katalin Ladik, Radmila Lazic and Aida Bagic's Poetry
(The Construction of Heterosexual and Lesbian Identities in Katalin Ladik, Radmila Lazic and Aida Bagic's Poetry)
- Author(s):Dubravka Đurić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Croatian Literature, Hungarian Literature, Serbian Literature, Theory of Literature
- Page Range:175-189
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:POETRY; IDENTITY; HETEROSEXUAL; LESBIAN; EXPIMENTAL; MAINSTREAM; FEMINIST
- Summary/Abstract:IN THIS PAPER I DISCUSS POETRY OF KATALIN LADIK, RADMILA LAZIC AND AIDA BAGIC. I TOOK THEIR WORK AS A SYMPTOMS OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND POETICAL CONTEXTS WITHIN WHICH THEY WORKED. LADIK CONSTRUCETED HETEROSEXUAL FEMALE SUBJECT, WORKING WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LATE SOCIALIST SOCIETY OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. SHE WORKED AT THE CROSSROADS OF FORMER YUGOSLAV, SERBIAN, AND HUNGARIAN CULTURES, WITHIN THE RADICAL EXPERIMENTAL LITERARY AND ARTISTIC SCENE. IN POSTSOCIALIST SERBIA OF 1990S, LAZIC STARTED WRITING FEMINIST POETRY WORKING WITHIN HETEROSEXUAL PARADIGM, AND THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY OF TRANSPARENT LANGUAGE. BAGIC' S POETRY APPEARED FROM THE NGO FEMINIST CONTEXT IN ZAGREB, CROATIA, AND THEN FOR SEVERAL YEARS LIVING BETWEEN CROATIA AND SERBIA, CONSTRACTING LESBIAN SUBJECT.
Identities of Irony and Crisis: of the New and Peculiar Processes of Re-balkanization of the Balkan
Identities of Irony and Crisis: of the New and Peculiar Processes of Re-balkanization of the Balkan
(Identities of Irony and Crisis: of the New and Peculiar Processes of Re-balkanization of the Balkan)
- Author(s):Katerina Kolozova
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Developing nations, Studies in violence and power, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:191-202
- No. of Pages:12
- Summary/Abstract:IN THE FORM OF AN ASTUTE INTELLECTUAL AND/OR POLITICO-AESTHETIC CRITIQUE OF BITTER AND SPITEFUL HUMOR MOCKING THE EUROPEAN CIVILIZATORY PRETENTIOUSNESS, THE ALTERNATIVE ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL SCENES (SPACES OF UN-SELF-CENSORED CRITIQUE) OF THE BALKANS MAKE A PROVOCATIVE TURN TOWARD THE PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF “THEIR BALKAN (SUB)CULTURE/S.” THIS TURN IS A SORT OF A TURN-“BACK” OCCURRING IN SPACES THAT IN THE LATE 80S WERE (AND, IN FACT, STILL ARE) NORMALLY OCCUPIED BY THE VANGUARDS OF THE MOST RECENT IDEAS OF THE “DECADENT WEST”: ALTERNATIVE RADIO-STATIONS, MAGAZINES, GALLERIES. IT IS HOWEVER NOT THE ORIGIN OR THE ESSENCE OF “BEING BALKAN” THAT THE NEW-AND-SUBVERSIVE-BALKAN IDENTITY STRIVES TO REPRESENT, BUT RATHER – AS A RESULT OF THE SUBJECT’S DECENTREDNESS - IT IS ONE OF THE MANY IDENTITIES (OR FORMS OF SUBJECTION) OF A PERSON (SOMETIMES IN OBVIOUS CONTRADICTION WITH THE REST OF THEM; OR IN AN INSPIRING AMBIVALENCE). THE NEW BALKAN IDENTITY IS PROVISORY: IT IS AN IDENTITY WHICH DOES NOT AIM TO INSTALL AND STABILIZE ITSELF AS FIXED AND UNCHANGING. ON THE CONTRARY, IT IS AN IDENTITY OF PASSAGE (OF CRISIS: BRINGING FORTH BOTH CRITICALITY AND TRANSFORMATION), A GESTURE OF CARNIVALESQUE IRONY (MOST OFTEN, THROUGH THE WORK OF TALENTED AND ORIGINAL ARTISTS) – PURE PERFORMANCE (OF AN IDENTITY) AS A FORM OF CRITIQUE (AND ALSO SELF-CRITIQUE). IN ITS VERY INITIATION, PRECISELY BY VIRTUE OF BEING AN ACT AND SITUATEDNESS OF CRITIQUE (OR: OF UNFIXED AND CHANGING AUTONOMY), THIS IDENTITY HAS BEEN CONCEIVED AS UNSTABLE, IRRESPONSIBLE TOWARDS HISTORY AND DEPRIVED OF GREAT NARRATIVES. ONE COULD CONCLUDE THAT IT IS PRECISELY THESE “POSTMODERN” CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW-AND-SUBVERSIVE BALKAN IDENTITY – AMONG WHICH ARE ITS PERFORMATIVITY (AND ALSO “PERFORMANCE”), INSTABILITY, AMBIVALENCE, ETC. – THAT HAVE PRODUCED THE “MECHANISMS AND THE DYNAMICS” OF THE CONTINUOUS CRITIQUE OF THE OVERLY STABLE NATIONAL SUBJECTS IN THE YEARS OF WAR AND PEACE IN POST-YUGOSLAVIA.
The Question of Life: the Rights of Man vs Human Rights
The Question of Life: the Rights of Man vs Human Rights
(The Question of Life: the Rights of Man vs Human Rights)
- Author(s):Adriana Zaharijević
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Political psychology, Studies in violence and power, Sociology of Law
- Page Range:203-216
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:MAN; MANKIND; NATION; RIGHTS; LIFE
- Summary/Abstract:INSISTANCE ON THE FACT THAT HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RIGHTS OF MAN (CODIFIED IN UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN, RESPECTIVELY) ARE NOT ONE AND THE SAME, WHICH COULD BE DEDUCED FROM THE NOTION OF MAN COMMON TO BOTH TERMS, IS KEY THESIS IN THIS TEXT. BY DEVELOPING THIS MOTIVE, I TRY TO DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING: THAT THE NOTION OF MAN, BY DEFINITION INCLUSIVE AND ABSTRACTLY NON-DISCRIMINATIVE TERM, IS IN FACT ESTABLISHED ON TACIT EXCLUSIONS IN THE TIME OF ITS INCEPTION (ENLIGHTMENT REVOLUTIONARY ERA), AND IT WAS ONLY UPON THESE EXCLUSIONS THAT THE TERM MAN COULD HAVE SIGNIFIED “THE FREE AND EQUAL”. ALTHOUGH THE PARALLEL OR SIMULTANEOUS EVOLUTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND NATIONAL RIGHTS MIGHT SEEM CONTRADICTORY, I SEEK TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THIS PARADOX IS ONLY OSTENSIBLE, ARGUING THAT THE NOTION OF MAN IS ITSELF LIMITED AND EXCLUSIONARY, AND IS THEREFORE COMPATIBLE WITH THE EXCLUSIVITY WHICH IS THE CONDITIO SINE QUA NON OF NATION. THE CONSEQUENCES OF NATIONALISM – WORLD WARS, PRIMARILY – PROVED THAT THE CONCEPTION OF LIBERTY AND EQUALITY, BASED ON THE CONCEPTION OF FRATERNITY OF MEN (WHITE EUROPEAN MALES), AND OF PARTIAL DEMOCRACY PRETENDING TO BE UNIVERSAL, CANNOT BE MAINTAINED ANY FURTHER. CODIFICATION OF UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS REPRESENTS A REACTION TO THIS INTERNAL DISCREPANCY INASMUCH AS IT IS A REACTION TO THE DESTRUCTIVENESS OF ALL KINDS OF NATIONALISMS. THE NOTION OF LIFE, DEVELOPED IN THIS TEXT, CORRESPONDS TO THE FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE RIGHT TO LIFE (AS THE FIRST AND THE MOST BASIC OF ALL HUMAN RIGHTS), WHICH NO LONGER BELONGS TO “MAN”, BUT TO EVERYONE.
The Construction of Woman's Identity in Socialism: The Case of Slovenia
The Construction of Woman's Identity in Socialism: The Case of Slovenia
(The Construction of Woman's Identity in Socialism: The Case of Slovenia)
- Author(s):Milica Antić Gaber, Ksenija Vidmar Horvat
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Local History / Microhistory, Gender history, Politics and Identity
- Page Range:219-237
- No. of Pages:19
- Summary/Abstract:THE PAPER EXAMINES THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, LEGAL AND CULTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF WOMAN’S IDENTITY IN POST- WORLD WAR 2 SLOVENIA. IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, SOCIALIST DOCTRINE DISASSOCIATED ITSELF SHARPLY FROM WESTERN FEMINISM THAT IT SAW AS AN IDEOLOGICAL OUTLET OF THE BOURGEOIS CONSCIOUSNESS. INSTEAD, THE »WOMAN'S QUESTION« WAS PROMOTED AS, IN THE WORDS OF THE LEADING POST-WAR SLOVENE IDEOLOGUE VIDA TOMSIC, AN INTEGRAL QUESTION OF OVERALL MATERIAL AND SOCIAL PROGRESS. HOWEVER, SCHOLARS OF GENDER IN THE FORMER SOCIALIST BLOC HAVE ARGUED THAT IN THE EFFORTS TO CONTROL WOMEN'S ROLE IN SOCIETY, THE OFFICIAL DISCOURSE AND POLITICS CREATED A SPECIFIC SOCIALIST DICHOTOMY BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE WHICH WAS THE EXACT OPPOSITE OF THE WESTERN SOCIETIES: WHEREAS IN THE WEST, THE FEMINIST DISCOURSES LOCATED THE PUBLIC SPHERE AS THE SITE OF THE STRUGGLE FOR GENDER EQUALITY, AND STROVE TO LIBERATE WOMAN FROM HER »DOMESTIC CONTAINMENT«, IN THE SOCIALIST SOCIETY, IT WAS THE PRIVATE SPHERE WHICH PRESENTED ITSELF AS A SPHERE OF FREEDOM AND RESISTANCE. ISOLATED FROM STATE IMPOSED POLITICS OF »WOMAN'S LIBERATION« IN THE WORKPLACE, THE SPHERES OF FAMILY LIFE AND DOMESTICITY OFFERED TO WOMEN AN IDEOLOGICAL SANCTUARY TO CONSTRUCT THEIR OWN IDENTITIES AS WELL AS A TERRAIN TO CONTEST THE SOCIALIST PARADIGM OF WOMANHOOD. THE PAPER LOOKS AT THE IDEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL COMPLEXITIES OF THIS DICHOTOMY OF GENDER FROM THE SPECIFIC VANTAGE POINT OF SOCIALIST SLOVENIA. IT DEFINES A DISTINCT GEO-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POSITION OF SLOVENIA AND DISCUSS THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY IDEOLOGY IN WHICH EYES WOMEN WERE MORE OR LESS ONLY COMRADES AND WORKING MOTHERS ON THE ONE SIDE AND WESTERN FEMINISM WHICH THESE WOMEN MOSTLY SAW AS DOUBLE-BURDENED AND DE-FEMINISED WOMEN ON THE OTHER AS WELL AS THEIR MULTI-CULTURAL EXPERIENCES OF EVERYDAY LIVES ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF WOMEN'S IDENTITY. IT ALSO ADDRESSES THE ROLE OF MASS CULTURE AND CONSUMERISM AS IMPORTANT SITES OF CONTESTATION AVAILABLE TO WOMEN IN THEIR DAILY LIVES ESPECIALLY THROUGH ADVERTISING AND WOMEN'S MAGAZINES. THE PAPER OBSERVES IDEOLOGICAL CLASHES BETWEEN SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY AND THE WESTERN-STYLE IMAGERY AS THEY STRUGGLE TO DEFINE WOMAN'S IDENTITY UNDER THE GROWING PRESSURE OF LIBERALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOCIETY.
Women Writing in Red Ink: Women’s Writing and Socio-political Change in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia
Women Writing in Red Ink: Women’s Writing and Socio-political Change in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia
(Women Writing in Red Ink: Women’s Writing and Socio-political Change in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia)
- Author(s):Damir Arsenijević, Ajla Demiragić, Jelena Petrović
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:239-265
- No. of Pages:27
- Keywords:WOMEN’S WRITING IN THE BALKANS; WOMEN’S WRITING AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA; WOMEN’S WRITING AND CROATIA; WOMEN’S WRITING AND SERBIA; WOMEN’S WRITING & SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
- Summary/Abstract:THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE WAYS IN WHICH SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE BALKANS SINCE THE LATE 1980S HAS AFFECTED WOMEN’S WRITING IN THE THREE COUNTRIES OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA AND SERBIA. IT AIMS TO OUTLINE NEGOTIATIONS OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN WOMEN’S WRITING AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO RECENT THEORETICAL DEBATES ABOUT THIS WRITING IN THE REGION. THE DISCUSSION MOVES FROM THE WAYS IN WHICH WOMEN’S DISCOURSE OF THE 1990S, IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL CHANGE, WAS AB/USED FOR POLITICAL PURPOSES, TOWARDS PROPOSITIONS AS TO HOW IT MIGHT BE POSSIBLE TO UNLOCK THE EMANCIPATORY POLITICAL POTENTIAL IN WOMEN’S LITERATURE. THIS IS ANALYSED THROUGH A MINI CASE-STUDY LOOKING AT CONTEMPORARY POETRY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.
Feminism in Turkey: Boundaries and the Possibility of Infringement
Feminism in Turkey: Boundaries and the Possibility of Infringement
(Feminism in Turkey: Boundaries and the Possibility of Infringement)
- Author(s):Aksu Bora
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Local History / Microhistory
- Page Range:267-280
- No. of Pages:14
- Summary/Abstract:FEMINISM, RISING AFTER 1980 AS A SOCIAL-POLITICAL MOVEMENT IN TURKEY, HAS BEEN MUCH CRITICIZED FOR BEING STRUCTURED ON A MIDDLE-CLASS BASIS; IT IS TRUE: FEMINISM ACTUALLY DID START AS A MIDDLE-CLASS MOVEMENT. THE VANGUARDS OF THE MOVEMENT WERE, TO A GREAT DEGREE, WOMEN FROM THE DIRECTORY BODIES OF DEMOCRATIC MASS ORGANIZATIONS, THE LEFT-WING FORMATIONS OF THE PRE-1980 PERIOD (THE YEAR OF COUP D’ETAT). THEY WERE WELL-EDUCATED, METROPOLITAN--AT LEAST FOR TWO GENERATIONS--WOMEN WHO WERE ABLE TO FOLLOW FEMINIST LITERATURE IN WESTERN LANGUAGES. THUS, ANOTHER BASIC TENET OF THE MOVEMENT HAS BEEN THAT THIS “DISCOVERY OF FEMINISM” WAS MAINLY VIA WESTERN SOURCES, THAT WOMEN WERE RE-ANALYZING THEIR LIVES THROUGH WESTERN LENSES. IN ADDITION, WE CAN CLAIM THAT THE RADICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MOVEMENT WAS PARTIALLY DEPENDENT UPON THIS MIDDLE-CLASS CHARACTERISTIC.
De-centered Pluralism of Methods: Feminist Literary Criticism in Serbia
De-centered Pluralism of Methods: Feminist Literary Criticism in Serbia
(De-centered Pluralism of Methods: Feminist Literary Criticism in Serbia)
- Author(s):Biljana Dojčinović
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Serbian Literature, Theory of Literature
- Page Range:281-296
- No. of Pages:16
- Summary/Abstract:THE TEXT PRESENTS CONTEMPORARY FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM IN SERBIA, ITS HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT SINCE THE EIGHTIES, ALL THE WAY TO THE 21ST CENTURY. THE THESIS IS THAT FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM HAS DEVELOPED, WITHIN A BROADER CONCEPT OF FEMINIST THEORY, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF WESTERN FEMINIST THOUGHT, BUT THAT IT HAS NOT FOLLOWED STRICTLY ITS PHASES AND MODES. THE FIRST PHASE WAS MARKED BY THE STRONGER INFLUENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF L'ECRITURE FEMININE, WHILE THE SECOND ONE WAS BASED ON THE NOTION OF GENDER. IN ADDITION TO THE SURVEY OF SOME FOUNDING TEXTS, THE TEXT FOCUSES ON THE WOMEN CRITICS WHO HAVE BEEN WORKING IN THE FIELD, THEIR BACKGROUNDS AND THEORETICAL POSITIONS, IN ORDER TO PRESENT THE VARIETY OF METHODS AND DISCIPLINARY FIELDS INVOLVED IN LITERARY CRITICISM IN SERBIAN LANGUAGE.
Gender Perspectives on Political Identities in Yugoslavia
Gender Perspectives on Political Identities in Yugoslavia
(Gender Perspectives on Political Identities in Yugoslavia)
- Author(s):Gordana Daša Duhaček
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Politics and Identity
- Page Range:297-319
- No. of Pages:23
- Summary/Abstract:THIS TEXT TESTIFIES TO SOME OF THE EARLIEST ALBEIT CONTINUOUS RESISTANCES WHICH WOMEN IN THE BALKANS HAVE BEEN ORGANIZING IN ITS MOST RECENT HISTORY. USING THEORIES OF NATIONALISM AND FORMATION OF NATION STATES, AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF THE WARS FOUGHT IN THE BALKANS FROM 1991 TO 1999, AND WITH A VIEW TO SERBIA - THE THESIS OF THE TEXT IS THAT WOMEN AND FEMINIST RESISTERS FORGED A NEW APPROACH TO CITIZENSHIP: IN ORDER TO CONFRONT THE POLICIES OF EVIL OF THEIR RESPECTIVE NEWLY FORMED NATION STATES AND DEMAND THEIR ACCOUNTABILITY, THEY ALSO HAD TAKE ON THE BURDEN OF BELONGING TO THE CITIZENSHIP OF THESE STATES.
Conflictual Identities. Reflections on the Moral Experience of Transitional Societies
Conflictual Identities. Reflections on the Moral Experience of Transitional Societies
(Conflictual Identities. Reflections on the Moral Experience of Transitional Societies)
- Author(s):Anca Gheauş
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:321-341
- No. of Pages:21
- Summary/Abstract:THIS PAPER ADDRESSES THE QUESTION WHETHER, IN SPITE OF WESTERN FEMINISM'S TENDENCY TO INTEGRATE THE ETHICS OF JUSTICE AND THE ETHICS OF CARE INTO THE SAME THEORY, A GENUINE CASE OF CONFLICT BETWEEN THE TWO CAN STILL EXIST. I GIVE A POSITIVE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION, AND I SUBSTANTIATE MY POSITION BY LOOKING AT AN EXAMPLE OF SUCH CONFLICT IN ROMANIA. SINCE IN BETTER-ORDERED SOCIETIES THESE SITUATIONS REPRESENT THE EXCEPTION, RATHER THAN THE RULE, THEIR RELEVANCE FOR MORAL THEORY MAY APPEAR AS LESS AUTHORITATIVE TO THEORISTS DOING FEMINIST ETHICS FROM OTHER GEOPOLITICAL VANTAGE POINTS.
The Handicapped Under Part of Europe: (En)Gendering Regional In-Betweenness
The Handicapped Under Part of Europe: (En)Gendering Regional In-Betweenness
(The Handicapped Under Part of Europe: (En)Gendering Regional In-Betweenness)
- Author(s):Dimitar Kamburov
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Developing nations, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:343-365
- No. of Pages:23
- Summary/Abstract:THE TEXT REVISITS THE BALKAN INVENTION BY THE WEST AND PROVIDES A SCHEME OF REGIONAL REACTIONS. THE PARADOX OF MASCULINE IMAGE OF THE BALKANS REQUIRES RE-EXAMINING OF THE IMAGERY OF INVISIBILITY, MONSTROSITY, HYBRIDITY, INBETWEENNESS, UNDER PART AND VISCERA OF THE EUROPEAN CORPUS. THE STIGMA OF THE DEGENERATE NEGLECTED MALE INSCRIBES THE BALKANS INTO THE CONDITION OF BASTARDISED FOREFATHERS. FOREFOTHERS. FOUR MAIN BALKAN ARTISTIC AND DISCURSIVE RESPONSES ARE EXAMINED: OF THE DECENT OTHER, OF THE EUROPEAN AFFILIATE, OF THE BALKANIST CRITIQUE, AND PARTICULARLY OF FESTIVE INTERAGENCY.
Gender and The Politics of Peacekeeping in Kosovo
Gender and The Politics of Peacekeeping in Kosovo
(Gender and The Politics of Peacekeeping in Kosovo)
- Author(s):Vjollca Krasniqi
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:367-384
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:KOSOVA; GENDER; PEACEKEEPING; IMAGES; REPRESENTATIONS; PATRIARCHIES
- Summary/Abstract:THE ARTICLE FOCUSES ON THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION IN KOSOVA SINCE THE UNITED NATIONS TOOK OVER “PEACE MANAGEMENT” IN 1999. WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF “NATION-BUILDING,” IT FOCUSES ON THE INTERACTION AND TENSIONS BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL GENDER DISCOURSES AND ALBANIAN NATIONALIST NARRATIVES. IT USES INTERNATIONAL PROPAGANDA POSTERS AND LOCAL NATIONALIST POLITICAL ADVERTISING AS A WAY TO READ THE GENDERED DISCOURSES OF REPRESENTATION IN KOSOVA. IT SHOWS HOW GENDER HAS SERVED AS AN INSTRUMENT TO RATIONALIZE WESTERN POLICIES AND NORMS AND AS A LOCAL MECHANISM TO CONSOLIDATE MALE DOMINATION OF THE DOMESTIC/PRIVATE SPHERE. IT WILL ARGUE THAT THE CENTRAL PARADOX OF POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION IS KOSOVA IS THAT CONTRARY TO ITS STATED AIMS, THE MODERN NATION-BUILDING PROJECT HAS REINFORCED PATRIARCHAL RELATIONS OF POWER AND THE SUBJUGATION OF FEMALE SUBJECTIVITY. THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERMESHING OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE-KEEPING AND LOCAL NATIONALIST DISCOURSES, IT WILL SHOW HOW ONE MALE SUBJECTIVITY, CONSTRUCTED AND RECONFIGURED RELATIONALLY, HAS, SIMULTANEOUSLY, USED GENDER TO LEGITIMIZE THE PROLONGATION OF INTERNATIONAL POWER IN KOSOVO AND TO ENTER INTO POWER-SHARING ARRANGEMENTS WITH IT. ONE RESULT OF THIS SYMBOLIC COOPTATION, IT WILL BE ARGUED, HAS BEEN THE REINFORCEMENT OF THE ROLES OF WOMEN AS MOTHERS IN THE SERVICE OF TRANSNATIONAL/NATIONALISTIC PROJECTS.
Is There War in ‘l’écriture de guerre’?
Is There War in ‘l’écriture de guerre’?
(Is There War in ‘l’écriture de guerre’?)
- Author(s):Nirman Moranjak-Bamburać
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Studies in violence and power, Victimology
- Page Range:385-406
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:LITERATURE; IDENTITY; FORMATION OF SUBJECTIVITIES; L’ÉCRITURE; L’ÉCRITURE FÉMININE; ‘L’ÉCRITURE DE GUERRE’ (‘RATNO PISMO’); WAR WRITING; VIOLENCE
- Summary/Abstract:THIS ESSAY DISCUSSES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LITERATURE AND WAR; BETWEEN VIOLENCE AND WRITING. IN THE CONTEXT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, ONE WIDELY HELD POSITION ASSERTS THAT, IN ITS LITERATURE, THE LAST WAR INITIATED PROCESSES OF IDENTITY FORMATION THAT SHOULD BE SEEN AS THE WAR FORMATION OF SUBJECTIVITY. IN THIS RESPECT, FAMOUS CRITICS ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THIS SO-CALLED CHANGE IN PARADIGM IN THE LITERATURE AS THE ABANDONMENT OF THE HERO FIGURE IN FAVOUR OF THE FIGURE OF THE VICTIM AND THE WITNESS. SUCH FORMATIONS OF ‘AUTHENTIC’ SUBJECTS ARE CRITICISED IN THIS ESSAY, STARTING FROM THE PREMISE THAT THE ORIGINAL VIOLENCE OF WRITING (AS ELABORATED BY DERRIDA) AND FACTUAL VIOLENCE CANNOT BE SEPARATED. I CALL FOR CAUTIOUSNESS IN DISCUSSING ‘L’ÉCRITURE DE GUERRE’ (WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM DISCUSSING LITERATURE WITH WAR THEMES), BECAUSE IF THIS FIGURE OF SPEECH IS INTRODUCED INTO THE CRITICAL DISCOURSE UNQUESTIONINGLY, THIS, IN MY OPINION, PERVERSELY TWISTS THE PROJECT OF ‘L’ÉCRITURE FÉMININE’, WHICH HAS BEEN DENIED ITS TRUE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL TOO EARLY IN ITS EXISTENCE. I ALSO HOLD THAT IT IS NAÏVE TO BELIEVE THAT DISCURSIVE VIOLENCE CAN BE PREVENTED BY SOME ‘ANTI-WAR ORIENTED LITERATURE’. ON THE CONTRARY, I BELIEVE THAT EVEN IN THESE CASES OF IDENTITY FORMATION, THERE IS ALWAYS A RISK OF A STRENGTHENING, OR EVEN A REPLICATING AND MULTIPLYING OF VIOLENCE.
Zeugmatic Spaces: East/Central European Feminisms
Zeugmatic Spaces: East/Central European Feminisms
(Zeugmatic Spaces: East/Central European Feminisms)
- Author(s):Mihaela Mudure
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Gender history
- Page Range:407-433
- No. of Pages:27
- Summary/Abstract:THIS ARTICLE COMES FROM A SENSE OF DISCONTENT THAT THE CULTURAL POSITION OF EAST/CENTRAL EUROPEAN FEMINISMS HAS NOT BEEN THEORIZED ENOUGH IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER NON-FIRST WORLD FEMINISMS. I USE A RHETORICAL FIGURE, ZEUGMA, IN ORDER TO UNDERPIN THE SPECIFICITY AND THE COMMONALITIES OF THE POST-COMMUNIST AREA FEMINISMS AS COMPARED TO THE HEGEMONIC FEMINISMS OF THE WORLD, OR TO THIRD WORLD FEMINISMS. ZEUGMA (FROM AN ANCIENT GREEK WORD MEANING ‘BRIDGE’) IS A FIGURE OF SPEECH THAT RELIES ON BALANCE AND ACCEPTANCE OF GRAMMATICAL DIFFERENCE. AN ALMOST PERFECT CULTURAL SPACE SHIFTER, EAST/CENTRAL EUROPE PRODUCES FEMINIST DISCOURSES THAT CONSTITUTE ZEUGMATIC SPACES IN THE WORLDWIDE CONCERTO OF WORLD FEMINISMS.
The Father/Son Relationship: On Constructing Masculinity in the Contemporary Serbian Novel
The Father/Son Relationship: On Constructing Masculinity in the Contemporary Serbian Novel
(The Father/Son Relationship: On Constructing Masculinity in the Contemporary Serbian Novel)
- Author(s):Tatjana Rosić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Gender history, Serbian Literature
- Page Range:435-443
- No. of Pages:9
- Summary/Abstract:THE PAPER FOCUSES ON THE THE POSITION OF SON/NARATOR IN CONTEMPORARY SERBIAN NOVEL. ALTHOUGH STILL THE PRIVILEGED INHERITOR OF ALL SYMBOLIC GOODS OF PATRIARCHAL COMMUNITY, THE SON/NARATOR IS NO LONGER IN AN ABSOLUTELY DESIRABLY BUT IN A MARGINAL AND OUTSIDERISH POSITION WHICH REVEALS SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL SHIFTS AND SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POSTMODERN NARRATIVE STRATEGIES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF NEW CONCEPTS OF MASCULINITIES IN SERBIAN CULTURE.
Theorizing Women’s Mobility in the Balkans
Theorizing Women’s Mobility in the Balkans
(Theorizing Women’s Mobility in the Balkans)
- Author(s):Svetlana Slapšak
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Developing nations
- Page Range:445-463
- No. of Pages:19
- Summary/Abstract:THE PAPER DEALS WITH THE CONCEPT OF WOMEN'S MOBILITY IN ALL ITS SEMIOTIC VARIETIES, FROM TRAVELLING, NOMADISM, TO TRANSGRESSING POLITICAL AND CULTURAL BORDERS, SUBVERTING STEREOTYPAL NATIONAL DELIMITATIONS, TRANSLATING (LANGUAGE AND CULTURE), DEROUTING MEMORY LANE. STARTING FROM ROSI BRAIDOTTI'S »NOMADIC SUBJECT«, THE PAPER FOCUSES ON LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND POSITIONING AND MULTIPLE LOYALTIES OF WOMEN IN THE BALKAN AREA. THROUGH THE SPECIFIC ACTIVIST EVENT (A GROUP OF WOMEN PEACE-ACTIVISTS TRAVELLING THROUGH THE TRAUMATIC AREAS AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY PRESENTATION OF ALL THE SIDES IN THE RECENT YUGOSLAV WAR AND IN ALBANIA IN 2002), THE THEORIZING IS WINDING THROUGH A DIFFICULT SPACE OF STEREOTYPES, COLONIAL INVENTIONS AND COLONIZED WISDOM IN AN ATTEMPT TO CHART A NEW SITUATEDNESS AND TO DECONSTURCT THE SELFPRESENTATION AND THE FORCED UNIVERSALIZED PRESENTATION OF THE FEMININE IN THE BALKANS.
Notes on Contributors
Notes on Contributors
(Notes on Contributors)
- Author(s):Author Not Specified
- Language:English
- Subject(s):General Reference Works
- Page Range:465-472
- No. of Pages:8