Oryginalność czy wtórność? Studia poświęcone polskiej kulturze politycznej i religijnej (X-XIII wiek)
Original or Secondary? Studies on Polish Political and Religious Culture (10th-13th Century)
Contributor(s): Roman Michałowski (Editor), Grzegorz Pac (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Published by: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Keywords: medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
Summary/Abstract: The authors of the articles aim to examine to what extent Polish culture in 10th-13th century was original or secondary. In Poland, some elements of Catholic spirituality – formed outside its borders – settled in faster or more slowly, some carried more weight than in the West, some were omitted. It did happen, however, that some processes taking place in Catholic church originated in Poland.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-4209-4
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-4201-8
- Page Count: 1038
- Publication Year: 2020
- Language: Czech, Polish
Żydzi, świętokradcy i pokój książęcy. Wokół instytucji protekcji monarszej w Polsce piastowskiej
Żydzi, świętokradcy i pokój książęcy. Wokół instytucji protekcji monarszej w Polsce piastowskiej
(Jews, perpetrators of sacrilege and ducal peace. On the institution of ruler’s protection in Piast Poland)
- Author(s):Radosław Kotecki
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:27-75
- No. of Pages:49
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:The article is an attempt to contextualize an institution of Piast rule, in the oldest Polish customary law called “lordly peace” or “the lord’s hand,” and in charters referred to as “the duke’s protection.” It is proposed that the description of Duke Mieszko III’s first Cracow reign included into Chronica Polonorum by Master Vincentius at the turn of 13th century should be considered an important evidence of the ducal peace in Poland. It clearly alludes to the concept of peace as a tool for preventing violence towards those enjoying ruler’s protection. Having analyzed the chronicled examples of punishing the offenders of Jews and other foreigners along with the information about punishing in exactly the same way those committing sacrilege, the author points to analogies between the Piast peace and Western institutions of king’s peace, mundeburdium regis or cyninges handgrið for instance. The inquiry clearly proves conceptual closeness between ducal peace and those phenomena manifesting in connection with the public sphere or monarch’s domain, and most evidently in the involvement of ruler’s offi cials as well as bishops in maintaining peaces/protections. The observed analogies allow one to conclude that ducal peace in Poland, at least at some stage, was influenced by Western patterns of royal power and justice. This in turn led the author to question the notion favoured in modern historiography, that ducal peace (or mir) as a whole was a relic of the so-called tribal organization.
- Price: 4.50 €
Regnum in se divisum. Ku syntezie kultury politycznej Piastów doby dzielnicowej
Regnum in se divisum. Ku syntezie kultury politycznej Piastów doby dzielnicowej
(Regnum in se divisum. Towards a synthesis of the political culture of the Piast dynasty during the period of divisions)
- Author(s):Marcin Rafał Pauk
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:76-163
- No. of Pages:88
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:Polish political culture in the epoch traditionally referred to as feudal fragmentation (around 1200–1320) needs to be re-examined, taking into account the comparative perspective. Commonly followed interpretative frameworks of historiography, which universalize in an a-historical way the value of the national unitary state, should be revised. The concept of a “unifying ideology” as an actual political program of the second half of the 13th century, which has organized discourse thus far, seems to be incompatible with the political principles of the epoch. This study is an attempt at identifying the key elements of the political culture of the time from the perspective of their originality and imitativeness. The first part is focused on the issue of defining the position of dukes using categories of widely understood honour and on the concepts of equality, freedom, and the equality of the legal status, determining the position of male members of the dynasty in relation to each other. Their analysis leads to the conclusion that in the 13th century the Piasts did not recognize any formal hierarchy within the dynasty, apart from generational seniority, understood more as a formality. They respected the right to rule of side Piast branches in their hereditary lands, although the conflict over power in Greater Poland after Władysław III’s death constituted an exception to the rule. The second part of the article is devoted to family strategies of the Piasts, which guaranteed the dynasty’s cohesion despite its many branches, for example the matrimonial strategies (especially endogamous marriages), relations of artificial kinship (adoptions and baptismal adoptions), the issue of dynastic divisions within the regions and ways of preventing them, and finally the dynastic naming strategies.
- Price: 5.00 €
Oryginalność i wtórność mennictwa polskiego w X–XII w.
Oryginalność i wtórność mennictwa polskiego w X–XII w.
(Originality and imitation in Polish coinage of the 10th–12th century)
- Author(s):Mateusz Bogucki
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:164-232
- No. of Pages:69
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:This article aims to compare Polish coinage with its German, Bohemian, Scandinavian and Rus’ counterparts, and attempts to determine to what extent Polish minting production was characterized by originality and to what extent it imitated the coinage of the neighbouring states. The conducted study has revealed that, even though the majority of Polish early-medieval coinage was derivative in character, it undeniably had some original features. The chaotic nature of the earliest Polish coinage was in fact rare in other places – the multitude of patterns and depictions, their multiple intermixing, lack of standardization, even a certain randomness in the initial stages of production. Some stabilization is noticeable only from the middle of the 11th century. However, the conducted analysis shows that early-medieval Polish coinage should not be considered in terms of originality and imitation, but rather adaptation and adjustment to the prevailing conditions – the needs and possibilities. This was the case with Bolesław the Wrymouth who, because of contemporary political circumstances, was one of the first European rulers to introduce big single-sided bracteates. Coin production was in most cases one of the tools used to obtain funds for satisfying the needs of the state (the ruler). Sometimes these needs were of prestigious character, at other times they were purely economic. This is why coinage was very often adapted based on the demands of the market, and it rarely produced original solutions and introduced innovations.
- Price: 4.50 €
Polské země a originálnost piastovské monarchie jako inspirace a nástroj panovnické seberezentace Přemyslovců
Polské země a originálnost piastovské monarchie jako inspirace a nástroj panovnické seberezentace Přemyslovců
(Polish territories and the originality of the Piast monarchy as an inspiration and tool of monarchical self-presentation)
- Author(s):Lukáš Reitinger
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:233-290
- No. of Pages:58
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:The originality of the presentation of monarchical power of the Piast dynasty is noticeable on many levels. One of the possibilities for capturing to some extent the local specificity of the monarchical presentation of a given dynasty and state is to analyze the issues related to the interpretation of potential mutual inspiration and rivalry between neighbouring or otherwise related monarchies. In other words, one should ask oneself whether in some periods Poland had not served as a source of direct and original inspiration for the self-presentation of monarchs of neighbouring countries (in this case, the Přemyslid dynasty). In the case of the Prague court, the “Polish segment” was to a large extent an inseparable part of the Bohemian princes and kings’ monarchical power from the 11th to the 14th century. The originality of the Polish monarchy was inspiring for the Přemyslids above all in the 11th century because of its independent ecclesiastical administration and the king’s majesty, which Bretislav I and Vratislav II tried to imitate, or even to appropriate. If we ignore the influence of the emperor’s territories on the centres of power of Central and Eastern Europe, we will not be able to find examples of such an inspiring originality of another country, or of direct attempts at referring to it, as was the case in Poland and Bohemia in the 11th century. In later periods, it was the idea of Polish submission that came to dominate in the self-presentation of Přemyslid rulers.
- Price: 4.50 €
Między swoistością a typowością: kult św. Piotra Apostoła w monarchii wczesnopiastowskiej na tle środkowoeuropejskim (do końca XI w.)
Między swoistością a typowością: kult św. Piotra Apostoła w monarchii wczesnopiastowskiej na tle środkowoeuropejskim (do końca XI w.)
(Between specificity and typicality: The cult of St Peter the Apostle in the early-Piast monarchy in Central European context (to the end of the 11th century))
- Author(s):Maksymilian Sas
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:291-377
- No. of Pages:87
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:In the article an analysis has been conducted of the cult of St Peter the Apostle in the early-Piast state and of the relation of the Piast monarchy to the Holy See. The discussed analysis was carried out against the background of other selected early medieval political organisms located in Central Europe. These include, above all, Bohemia and Great Moravia, as well as other Slavic states of the second half of the 9th century, such as Croatia, Serbia or Bulgaria. Among the discussed-in-detail source materials, which indicate the importance of the cult of the Prince of the Apostles for the Piasts, particular significance has been ascribed to Dagome iudex. The author claims that subordinating the Piast state to St Peter by Mieszko I and his family constitutes an analogy for seeking the protection of St Peter for oneself and for one’s peoples by rulers in power in the second half of the 9th century in Slavic lands. This is why, according to the author, it should be recognized that the donation described in Dagome iudex mainly served the purposes of the Church, that is, obtaining Holy See’s support in stabilizing and developing Church structures in the territory of the Piast state. In the author’s opinion, the joint interpretation of the discussed manifestations of St Peter’s cult allows to prove the thesis that the cult of the Prince of the Apostles was important for the Piasts, as it determined the specific features of the politico-religious ideology of the Polish monarchy in Central European context.
- Price: 5.00 €
Papieska kanonizacja Pięciu Braci – przejaw naśladownictwa czy nowatorstwa? Wokół przemian kultu świętych na peryferiach chrześcijaństwa łacińskiego w X–XII w.
Papieska kanonizacja Pięciu Braci – przejaw naśladownictwa czy nowatorstwa? Wokół przemian kultu świętych na peryferiach chrześcijaństwa łacińskiego w X–XII w.
(Papal canonization of the Five Martyred Brothers – a sign of imitation or innovation? On the transformations of the cult of saints on the periphery of Latin Christianity
in the 10th–12th centuries)
- Author(s):Grzegorz Pac
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:378-446
- No. of Pages:69
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:The article deals with the issue of the involvement of the papacy in the official recognition of sainthood in the period before the middle of the 12th century in the context of such a recognition of the cult of the Five Martyred Brothers murdered by robbers in Bolesław the Brave’s Poland. Asking the papacy to confirm their sainthood – a fact only to a small extent noted in Polish historiography – requires an explanation, as in the beginning of the 11th century this was in no way mandatory or standard practice. The author reflects on various possible reasons for such an early appeal to the pope in this case, considering potential doubts connected to the cult of the Five Brothers, taking a position on the thesis of the exceptionally early adoption of this custom in Churches located at the periphery of Christianity, and deliberating on the significance of the specifi c situation of Polish Church structures and their relations with the archbishopric in Magdeburg. Finally, the author points to the possible influence of two milieus in which the belief in the significance of papal canonization functioned very early on: the German episcopate and St Romuald’s circle. However, one can hardly talk about simple imitation in this case; seeing as we are dealing with such early stages of the discussed phenomenon, the ecclesiastical circles in Poland should be treated rather as participating in the birth of a new and original phenomenon, that is, the involvement of the papacy in issues related to the cult of saints.
- Price: 4.50 €
Udomawianie św. Wojciecha. Mitologizacja misjonarstwa i władzy biskupiej w Polsce i w Skandynawii od XI do XIII w.
Udomawianie św. Wojciecha. Mitologizacja misjonarstwa i władzy biskupiej w Polsce i w Skandynawii od XI do XIII w.
(St Adalbertus domesticus. Patterns of missioning and episcopal power in Poland and Scandinavia from the 11th to the 13th century)
- Author(s):Wojtek Jezierski
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:447-490
- No. of Pages:44
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:This article explores the ways episcopal milieus on the north-eastern peripheries of Europe created and renewed their identities and symbols of episcopal authority by domesticating their immigrant saints during the high Middle Ages. By comparing the examples of holy bishops arriving to Poland, Sweden, and present-day Finland (St Adalbert, St Sigfrid, St Henry), it studies the episcopal mythopoesis, that is, the creation of foundational myths and mythologies as well as their adaptation to specific local needs and changing historical circumstances. The article further probes to what extent these mythopoetic efforts were original or imitative in comparison to the Western European episcopal centres and other peripheries. How similarly or differently did the bishops in the “old” and “young” Europe respond to the question: What beginnings do we need today? And what role did the appropriation, commodification, and domestication of holy bishops’ images and body parts play in building the institutional identities of bishoprics?
- Price: 4.50 €
Oryginalność i wtórność wczesnej polskiej hagiografii (do końca XIII w.) – wybrane problemy
Oryginalność i wtórność wczesnej polskiej hagiografii (do końca XIII w.) – wybrane problemy
(Originality and imitation in early Polish hagiography (before 1300) – selected problems)
- Author(s):Miłosz Sosnowski
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:491-582
- No. of Pages:92
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:This article explores the early Polish hagiography from various angles. The first is quantitative and chronological, and concerns both the number of compositions and the extant manuscripts. Differentiating between Ottonian hagiography concerning Poland (BHL 37–39, 1147) and later texts composed locally, the article defines “Polish hagiography” as a literary product directed at the local reader. This overview points to local hagiography being relatively late and modest, but somewhat comparable with Central European and Scandinavian efforts. The question of putative “lost” hagiographical texts is also given a brief treatment here. The first tentative traces (individual miracle stories) as well as the first substantial text (Tempore illo, BHL 42) originate in the 12th century. This as well as the production that followed (especially St Adalbert: BHL 43–45; St Stanisław: BHL 7832–5) are in turn presented qualitatively, and compared to hagiographical pieces written in Central Europe at the time. They are presented against the background of the rising historical consciousness (a need for explaining traditions, institutional genesis, etc.) as well as the development of abbreviated legendaria (most of those texts survive as local additions to Legenda Aurea). Finally, the article aims to describe the Polish hagiography using categories introduced by Lars B. Mortensen, which allow to overcome the originality–imitation opposition as well as to question the centre–periphery model.
- Price: 5.50 €
Aktywność kulturotwórcza przedstawicielek dynastii w Polsce i w Czechach schyłku XII i pierwszej połowy XIII w. – pierwiastki rodzime i obce
Aktywność kulturotwórcza przedstawicielek dynastii w Polsce i w Czechach schyłku XII i pierwszej połowy XIII w. – pierwiastki rodzime i obce
(The cultural activity of the female members of the dynasty in Poland and in Bohemia at the end of the 12th and in the fi rst half of the 13th century – native and foreign elements)
- Author(s):Marzena Matla
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:583-653
- No. of Pages:71
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:Among the culturally active spouses of the members of the Piast dynasty, two descendants of the Přemyslids: Helen of Znojmo, the wife of Casimir the Just, and Anne of Bohemia, the wife of Henry the Pious, occupy undeniably important positions. Both duchesses on the one hand transplanted onto Polish ground new cultural traditions, especially from their native country, and on the other hand – on their own or together with their spouses – they continued the work of their predecessors. Helen of Znojmo actively participated in her husband’s foundations, and she also supported the development of new religious orders (Norbertine nouns in Zwierzyniec). In addition, she helped in the adoption of architectural and painting models (as indicated by the floor of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary church in Wiślica, and perhaps tetraconch architecture in Zawichost), and also initiated women’s coinage in Polish territories. The activity of Anne of Bohemia was linked to the cultural models propagated on Bohemian ground even to a greater extent. Her foundations not only imitated the activities of her sister, Agnes of Bohemia, the Clarissine, but they also constituted branches of the Prague institutions (Franciscans, Poor Clares, Knights of the Cross with the Red Star); this is where some of the architectural solutions of the newly erected sacred buildings originated from. Her activity was also noticeable in the field of writing. Through the documents that she issued with her own seal she participated in the creation of a new legal culture of Silesia. Probably, the duchess also founded (based on the Prague model) a scriptorium with an illumination workshop in the Poor Clares convent. The activity of both women is also marked by a concern for the memory of the family and the ideology of ducal rule.
- Price: 4.50 €
Oryginalne czy wtórne? Fundacje klarysek małopolskich a ideał klariański u ich zarania
Oryginalne czy wtórne? Fundacje klarysek małopolskich a ideał klariański u ich zarania
(Originality or imitation – Clarian monastery foundations in Lesser Poland and the Poor Clare ideal at their beginning)
- Author(s):Anna Agnieszka Dryblak
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:654-724
- No. of Pages:71
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:The first Polish Poor Clare communities appear on the initiative of the Piast dynasty in Lesser Poland and in Silesia, but they are of a different character. Unlike the Wrocław convent, the foundations established in Bolesław the Chaste’s circle are envisioned as dynastic foundations of traditional form almost from the very beginning. The convent in Zawichost to a large extent draws on the Prague model; however, after the convent is moved to Skała, Salomea obtains an exemption from the rule of poverty from the pope, and she soon receives more possessions from the ruling family, and later bequeaths all her goods to “her convent.” Meanwhile, the Stary Sącz convent, founded by Kinga after the death of her husband, from the very beginning is treated as a traditional, lavishly endowed family foundation, and it constitutes the centre of the widowed duchess’s dominion, playing an important role in her political conflicts with Leszek the Black. The attitude of the female members of the dynasty towards the Poor Clare ideals is also unusual. Both Salomea and Kinga join the nuns of the convents founded by them. They do not perform the function of abbesses, calling themselves “sisters” instead. This did not, however, mean that they had to renounce their material goods, and sometimes it seems to have strengthened their position in relation to other members of the family. It is an exceptional example, befitting Ottonian realities of canonical foundations rather than times of triumphant mendicant ideals.
- Price: 4.50 €
Liturgiczne początki Polonii. Lokalna adaptacja chrześcijańskiego kultu a tworzenie „polskiej” tożsamości politycznej w X–XI w.
Liturgiczne początki Polonii. Lokalna adaptacja chrześcijańskiego kultu a tworzenie „polskiej” tożsamości politycznej w X–XI w.
(Liturgical origins of Polonia. The local appropriation of Christian worship and the formation of ‘Polish’ political identity (late 10th – late 11th century))
- Author(s):Paweł Figurski
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:725-796
- No. of Pages:72
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:This article argues that the local appropriation of Christian liturgy in Polonia facilitated the early-medieval state formation of the first Piast realm. ‘Polish’ political identity was shaped by original liturgical phenomena by mostly two means. First, the hitherto unprecedented name of the territory, Polonia, was firstly attested in writing in the liturgical sequence Annua recolamus (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Ms. Lit. 5, fol. 97v). The name was promoted mostly by sources used during Christian worship (the sequence mentioned above and St Adalbert hagiography). Second, liturgical phenomena interiorized the new identities of the political community and the kingship theology. For instance, the invocations of rulers’ names in the disputed territories, repetitive intercessions for monarchs, developed liturgy of war have been shaping and, subsequently, expressing the identities of the Piast dynasty and of those who participated in the Christian worship. Political liturgy functioned as the toolin the identification processes of the early-medieval Polonia.
- Price: 4.50 €
Postrzeganie obcych w średniowiecznej historiografii skandynawskiej i polskiej w X–XII w.
Postrzeganie obcych w średniowiecznej historiografii skandynawskiej i polskiej w X–XII w.
(Category of “otherness” in 10th–12th-century Scandinavian and Polish historiographies)
- Author(s):Jakub Morawiec
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:797-833
- No. of Pages:37
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of the article is to compare how the term “otherness” was defined and used by both Scandinavian and Polish medieval historiographical traditions, and if the latter was original or imitative in this respect. The history of Northern and Central Europe between the 10th and the 12th century was stimulated by ongoing conflicts of power. It resulted in a need of mutual depiction and classification of opposing dynasties and nations. Constant rivalry led to a tendency to create negative images of those who, as hostile, were considered strangers and others. Accusations of cowardice and stalling, intrigues and conspiracies were equally characteristic of relations between Poles and Czechs and between Norwegians and Danes. Similarities in the depiction of others were rather a result of influences of Latin culture that both regions experienced independently and of its specific literary patterns, which were transferred through education of learned individuals. They were also dictated by new ideological trends represented by ecclesiastical circles, e.g. by Cistercians, promoting a crusading ideology that strongly affected historiographers on both sides of the Baltic. Polish historiography was not original in this respect. A tendency to emulate ideological and literary patterns innovated elsewhere should not, however, lead to a negative view of such writing. On the contrary, their works prove that they preferred to follow current European trends, considered equally prestigious and effective among their Northern peers.
- Price: 4.50 €
Władca i Kościół w średniowieczu wobec przeżytków pogaństwa. Ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski i innych krajów Europy Środkowej
Władca i Kościół w średniowieczu wobec przeżytków pogaństwa. Ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski i innych krajów Europy Środkowej
(The ruler and the Church in the Middle Ages in the face of relics of paganism. With particular reference to Poland and other countries of Central Europe)
- Author(s):Roman Michałowski
- Language:Czech, Polish
- Subject(s):Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:834-886
- No. of Pages:53
- Keywords:medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of the article is to determine the attitude of medieval Christian societies towards paganism present within their communities. This issue is considered based on materials drawn from the history of the Lombards, from Bohemia and Hungary of the 10th–12th century, from Ottonian and Salian Polabi, and from 11th–15th-century Poland. The social elites adopted two attitudes towards paganism: first, fighting it – this was the case in, for example, Bretislav II’s Bohemia; second, a kind of tolerance, which had various origins: at times it resulted from the belief that repressing paganism is less important than enforcing the widely understood law of God. This attitude can be seen in St Stephen’s Vita minor. At other times, this tolerance was the effect of a common conviction of the early-medieval Church that God’s worship was the most significant part of Christian life, which was accompanied by a disregard for pastoral work in general. These were the motives driving the bishops of Merseburg in the 11th–12th century. However, a third attitude should be mentioned: acceptance. This was the case when gods’ worship was the ideological foundation of the political system of an already Christian country. An evident example of this kind of religious syncretism is Origo gentis Langobardorum. This diversity of attitudes is also noticeable in Polish materials. Thus, a question arises – can we talk about Poland’s originality at all when it comes to the approach to paganism? Perhaps, the difference lies in the fact that in Poland little attention was paid to traditional worship and beliefs. This is why relics of paganism have left a smaller mark on sources than in other places.
- Price: 4.50 €