Życie prywatne Polaków w XIX wieku. Requiem. Tom 13
Private life of Poles in the 19th century. Requiem. Volume 13
Contributor(s): Jarosław Kita (Editor), Maria Korybut-Marciniak (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Keywords: śmierć bohaterów narodowych; żałoba narodowa; rytuały pogrzebowe; emigracja; zesłanie; pamięć o zmarłych; XIX w
Summary/Abstract: Jakie postawy wobec kresu ziemskiej egzystencji przejawiali Polacy w dobie zaborów? Ostatnia droga, śmierć, żałoba są tematami szczególnie mocno wybrzmiewającymi w okresie niewoli narodowej Śmierć bohaterów na polu walki o wolną ojczyznę, śmierć jako kara za udział w ruchach narodowych, śmierć z dala od ojczyzny – na emigracji czy zesłaniu, żałoba w wymiarze indywidualnym i zbiorowym, żałoba narodowa to kwestie, do których współcześni odwoływali się często i które odcisnęły piętno na postrzeganiu całej epoki Pomimo „zagęszczenia” wiedzy o śmierci patetycznej, niesprawiedliwej, będącej wyrazem poświęcenia wobec wyższych ideałów, problematyka umierania w wymiarze prywatnym pozostaje nadal zagadnieniem słabo poznanym W prezentowanym tomie podjęto więc naukową refleksję nad: obrazem kresu życia, przeżywaniem agonii, śmierci i żałoby przez przedstawicieli różnych warstw społecznych; miejscem wyznaczanym śmierci w życiu prywatnym; rytualnym odprowadzaniem umierających i formami pochówku; emocjami związanymi ze śmiercią; relacjami pomiędzy żywymi a zmarłymi W dyskusji nad indywidualnymi i zbiorowymi formami doświadczania śmierci w XIX wieku wzięli udział przedstawiciele różnych dyscyplin naukowych: historycy, historycy sztuki, literaturoznawcy, historycy kultury, antropolodzy historii, muzealnicy.
Series: Uniwersytet Łódzki
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-823-3
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-822-6
- Page Count: 374
- Publication Year: 2025
- Language: Polish
Prywatność w majestacie śmierci… Refleksje wstępne
Prywatność w majestacie śmierci… Refleksje wstępne
(Privacy in the majesty of death… Preliminary reflections)
- Author(s):Jarosław Kita, Maria Korybut-Marciniak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:7-20
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:dying; death; mourning; privacy; 19th century; introduction
- Summary/Abstract:What Attitudes Toward the End of Earthly Existence Did Poles Exhibit During the Partition Era? The final journey, death, and mourning were issues that resonated particularly strongly during the period of national captivity. The deaths of heroes on the battlefield fighting for a free homeland, death as a punishment for participating in national movements, death far from home - in exile or deportation - and mourning in both individual and collective dimensions, including national mourning, were themes frequently evoked by contemporaries. These themes left a profound mark on the perception of the entire era. Despite the extensive knowledge of death as something grand, unjust, and a symbol of sacrifice for higher ideals, the issue of dying in a private context remains relatively unexplored. The cognitive perspective proposed in this volume aims to provide a scholarly reflection on the image of life’s end, the experience of agony, death, and mourning among representatives of various social strata; the place assigned to death in private life; the rituals surrounding the dying and forms of burial; the emotions associated with death; and, finally, the relationships between the living and the dead. Scholars from various disciplines - including historians, art historians, literary scholars, cultural historians, anthropologists of history, and museum professionals - have contributed to the discussion on individual and collective experiences of death in the 19th century.
Lipsk, Warszawa, Kraków. Trzy pogrzeby księcia Józefa Poniatowskiego
Lipsk, Warszawa, Kraków. Trzy pogrzeby księcia Józefa Poniatowskiego
(Leipzig, Warsaw, Krakow. Three funerals of Prince Joseph Poniatowski)
- Author(s):Jolanta Załęczny
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:23-42
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Prince Joseph Poniatowski; legend; patriotism; farewell to the Napoleonic era; Polish cause
- Summary/Abstract:Prince Joseph Poniatowski played an important role in the history of the Poles. His tragic death gave rise to the birth of a national legend. Poniatowski’s life and heroic death made up the image of a hero who was considered a model of loyalty. After his death, he began to be surrounded by reverence, and this was fostered by a number of factors. All the mourning ceremonies, beginning with the bringing of the corpse from Leipzig to Warsaw, through thefuneral services and ending with the solemn funeral at Wawel, became occasions for patriotic manifestations. An analysis of the descriptions of the funerals and the sermons delivered will allow us to outline the background for building this legend. The press texts used - in addition to information - also carry a huge emotional charge. Emerging as early as 1813, the legend was systematically enriched and responded to public demand.
Śmierć wielkiego księcia Konstantego Pawłowicza podczas epidemii cholery w Witebsku w 1831 roku
Śmierć wielkiego księcia Konstantego Pawłowicza podczas epidemii cholery w Witebsku w 1831 roku
(Death of the Grand Duke Konstanty Pawłowicz during the cholera epidemic in Vitebsk in 1831)
- Author(s):Iwona Janicka
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:43-59
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Grand Duke Konstanty; Vitebsk; cholera; November Uprising; Polish-Russian War of 1831; Duchess of Łowicz Joanna Grudzińska; Russian Empire in the 19th century; Iwan Dybicz; Aleksy Fiedorowicz Orłow
- Summary/Abstract:As a result of the outbreak of the November Uprising, Grand Duke Konstanty Pavlovich and his wife, Duchess Joanna Grudzińska of Łowicz, were forced to leave Warsaw. He went to Vitebsk, where there had been a cholera epidemic since 5 June 1831. He stayed in the city for just twelve days (from 15 June) and it was here that he most probably contracted the disease.His sudden death on 27 June prompted rumours of his alleged poisoning by Count Aleksei Fyodorovich Orlov, and even doubts as to whether he had actually died. In fact, the cause of death was cholera. His body was embalmed and accompanied by a modest procession, moved to the temple. The place was hastily and carelessly prepared. It was only a few days later that its decoration was improved. The Grand Duke was bid farewell twice - in June in Vitebsk and then in August in St Petersburg. A detailed description of the first ceremony can be found in the ‘Commemorative book of the Vitebsk gouvernement for 1864’. According to the source, the funeral procession was attended by numerous representatives of the prince’s court, the military, clergy of various denominations and representatives of the municipal authorities, schools and other institutions. The ceremonialist forbade Jews from taking part in the ceremony. The coffin on its way first to Gatczyna and then to St Petersburg was accompanied by the Grand Duke’s wife, Joanna Grudzinska.
„Cześć mu po wieki!” Doniesienia o zgonie i pogrzebie mistrza i patrioty Jana Matejki (1838–1893)
„Cześć mu po wieki!” Doniesienia o zgonie i pogrzebie mistrza i patrioty Jana Matejki (1838–1893)
(„Honour him for ever!” Reports of the death and funeral of the master and patriot Jan Matejko (1838–1893))
- Author(s):Paweł Glugla
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:61-80
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Jan Matejko; artist-painter; funeral ceremonies; 19th century; memory of the deceased
- Summary/Abstract:Jan Matejko, is the most famous and respected figure on the artistic-painting-patriotic plane in Poland of the 19th century. Called “Master” by his students, he served Krakow, as well as the whole of Poland and all his compatriots, well. His works were admired and awarded both at home and far beyond its borders. He was an informal ambassador for the Poles and for Poland, which at that time did not exist politically on the maps of Europe. He passed on his extraordinary talent and secrets of the difficult art of painting with passion and great commitment to young, talented students. He organised an independent School of Fine Arts in Krakow in 1873 and directed it until his premature death on 1 November 1893. A ceremonial funeral for Matejko took place on 7 November 1893, which was a tribute to the memory of the artist, master and friend, as well as a great patriotic manifestation. The master was remembered by both the mighty and the poor, whom he supported daily. He was a well-known and highly regarded painter in Poland and throughout the world. His untimely death and funeral echoed loudly not only in the Polish lands, but far beyond.
Pożegnanie Monarchy, pomnik dla Monarchy. Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Pożegnanie Monarchy, pomnik dla Monarchy. Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
(The Farewell to a Monarch, the Monument to a Monarch. Jan Matejko (1838–1893))
- Author(s):Marta Kłak-Ambrożkiewicz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:81-90
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Jan Matejko; the Master’s Jubilee; funeral ceremonies; commemoration of the artist; Jan Matejko House Museum
- Summary/Abstract:The article focuses on presenting the funeral ceremonies of the master painter Jan Matejkoand outlines the origins of the establishment of the first biographical museum on Polishsoil the Jan Matejko House Museum (currently a branch of the National Museum in Kraków).The museum was founded in 1895, largely thanks to the financial support of Poles from all three partitions. It was established and still operates today in Jan Matejko’s townhouse on Floriańska Street.
Zwyczaje pogrzebowe ewangelików warszawskich w XIX wieku
Zwyczaje pogrzebowe ewangelików warszawskich w XIX wieku
(Funeral customs of Warsaw Evangelicals in the 19th century)
- Author(s):Tadeusz Stegner
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:93-107
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Evangelicals; cemeteries; burial; Warsaw; 19th century
- Summary/Abstract:At the end of the 19th century, Evangelicals constituted 4.6% of the population of Warsaw. They included representatives of various social groups, from manufacturers, merchants, intellectuals to workers, and most of them used Polish on a daily basis. Since the end of the 18th century, there have been two cemeteries in the capital: the Evangelical-Augsburg one and the Evangelical-Reformed one. The rituals associated with funerals in Warsaw’s evangelical communities were not very different from those in force among the middle class and other Christians. The differences resulted from religious principles, e.g. the lack of last rites or belief in purgatory, hence no candles were placed on the graves. There were special regulations established by congregations regarding funeral arrangements and fees for religious services. In addition to funerals, mourning celebrations were organized in honor of famous people, e.g. Prince Józef Poniatowski or the Emperor of Russia and King of the Kingdom of Poland, Alexander I.
„Starość w grób zamyka”. O transgresyjnym odbiorze starości w kulturze chłopskiej
„Starość w grób zamyka”. O transgresyjnym odbiorze starości w kulturze chłopskiej
(„Old age ends in the grave”: A Transgressive Perception of Aging in Rural Culture)
- Author(s):Bartłomiej Gapiński
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:109-122
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:History of Aging; 19th century; Funeral Ritual; Peasant Mentality
- Summary/Abstract:The author focuses on examining the relationship between old age and death in folk culture, particularly during the second half of the 19th century (using material from Oskar Kolberg) and the early 20th century. The study focuses on peasant thanatology, particularly the connection between elderly individuals and funeral rituals. The author pays special attention to the social role of the „odpraszacz,” a man who led funeral ceremonies. Although funeral guides existed in all three partitions of Poland, their behaviours are most extensively described in Galicia, not only in ethnographic accounts but also in peasant diaries. These guides served as the voice of the deceased, apologizing on their behalf and speaking as if bearing witness to their presence from the other side. In rural culture, the image of the elderly was associated with the afterlife, and the elderly were seen as guides to the other side. Folk death had its metaphysics and was considered a natural part of life, reflecting God’s will and the necessity of passing on the generational legacy, participating in the relay of generations.
Tam, gdzie majestat śmierci panuje… Rzecz o XIX-wiecznych obrzędach funeralnych
Tam, gdzie majestat śmierci panuje… Rzecz o XIX-wiecznych obrzędach funeralnych
(Where majesty death reigns…. in the light of 19th century funeral rites)
- Author(s):Kinga Raińska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:123-145
- No. of Pages:23
- Keywords:death 19th century; grave clothes; funeral rites 19th century; coffin; funeral
- Summary/Abstract:Human’s approach to dying as an event belonging to two orders of human life, nature and culture, has evolved over the centuries. Death as such has always been at the center of religion and its rituals, philosophical considerations, moral judgments and artistic representations, but each era has created its own way of observing, accepting, expressing and describing it. Rituals related to a person’s departure from this world included the time of dying, preparing the body of the deceased for the last journey, as well as funeral and mourning ceremonies. In the 19th century, the ritual of final farewell became a common experience, independent of origin and material status, just like the presence of customs organizing an individual’s life from birth to death. In the new conditions, the phenomenon of democratization of funeral customs, individualization of the memory of the deceased, and separation of the space of life from the sphere of death were born.
Mortuus est… w i po wielkopolsku
Mortuus est… w i po wielkopolsku
(Mortuus est… in and in Greater Poland region)
- Author(s):Emilian Prałat
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:147-162
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Greater Poland region (Wielkopolska); 19th century; funeral tradition; funeral ceremonies
- Summary/Abstract:The objective of the following article is to present several aspects of death and burial practices in Greater Poland region. The first type of death to be discussed in the article is suicide, which presents itself as not obvious (in the sense of informing the public about it, and thus its influence on the funeral ceremony) yet difficult. The commemoration of suicidal death will be discussed on the example of Zofia Kozmian. Another important type of burial ritualsaddressed in this study are the funerals of national heroes such as Dezydery Chłapowski and Edmund Taczanowski, whose sepulchral sites represent a different character (and consequently meaning attached to such tombs). For the purpose of presenting this type of commemoration the result of the investigation of the Chlapowski crypt, which took place during the revitalization of the family necropolis in Rąbiń near Krzywiń (between 2020-2023), will be included in the analysis. Finally, the case of Taczanowski will be explored to exemplify the theatrum accompanying the transfer of the remains and the reburial ritual at Powązki was discussed. Based on unpublished source materials and analytical research, it is possible to refer to the specificity of the funeral tradition in Greater Poland, as well as to present several different cases, including the burials of national heroes, as well as family tragedies and the related complicated experience of both trauma and the trauma itself.
„Czarne kwiaty”. O pamiątkach florystycznych związanych ze śmiercią Fryderyka Chopina ze zbiorów Muzeum Fryderyka Chopina w Warszawie
„Czarne kwiaty”. O pamiątkach florystycznych związanych ze śmiercią Fryderyka Chopina ze zbiorów Muzeum Fryderyka Chopina w Warszawie
(Black Flowers. On the floral memorabilia related to the death of Frédéric Chopin from the collection of the Frédéric Chopin Museum in Warsaw)
- Author(s):Urszula Król
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:163-174
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Frédéric Chopin; romanticism; biographical museum; death; flower; memento; Cyprian Kamil Norwid; Teofil Kwiatkowski; art history
- Summary/Abstract:Cyprian Kamil Norwid titled his collection of memoirs relating to his last meetings with six different people (with one exception known to the author personally), Black Flowers. The adjective „black” indicates the mournful and obituary nature of the texts. The title of the work also evokes the custom of bringing flowers to the home of the deceased or to a funeral. Norwid’s work also tells about the need to notice the smallest things, seemingly – insignificant. One of the protagonists of Black Flowers is Frédéric Chopin. The composer’s illness and death, his funeral and posthumous cult are among the key themes of the artist’s biography and legend. Among Chopin’s mementos – first reverently kept by family and friends, and now in museum collections – there are several floral objects related to his death: among them, dried flowers from his deathbed and a posthumous portrait, with his head surrounded by flowers (by painter Teofil Kwiatkowski, a friend of the deceased) found in the collection of the Frédéric Chopin Museum in Warsaw. These items – like the objects and events described in Black Flowers – are seemingly fragile and ephemeral, but in fact imbued with diverse meanings.
Nad tekstami funeralnymi Hipolita Pikalskiego OP
Nad tekstami funeralnymi Hipolita Pikalskiego OP
(On the funeral texts of Hipolit Pikalski OP (1827–1887))
- Author(s):Igor Borkowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:175-190
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:death story; funeral speech; genealogy; homiletics
- Summary/Abstract:This paper presents a collection of funeral eulogies prepared and delivered by the Dominican friar Hipolit Pikalski from 1852 to 1860. The analysis includes a characterisation of the archival collection and examines the content of the texts in terms of the funeral narrative and pastoral content. The main part of the work, however, focuses on the biographer’s description of the eulogies and aims to establish their multifunctionality and the authorial elaboration by the preacher.
„Omylna piękność i marna jest próżność. Niewiasta bojąca się Boga będzie chwalona”. Uroczystości pogrzebowe Teresy i Pauliny z Potockich Wielopolskich
„Omylna piękność i marna jest próżność. Niewiasta bojąca się Boga będzie chwalona”. Uroczystości pogrzebowe Teresy i Pauliny z Potockich Wielopolskich
(‘Charm is deceitful, and beauty is vain; but a woman who fears Yahweh, she shall be praised’. Funeral celebrations of Teresa and Paulina Wielopolska née Potocka)
- Author(s):Aleksandra Staniszewska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:193-205
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:Kingdom of Poland; 19th century; Teresa Wielopolska née Potocka; Paulina Wielopolska née Potocka; margrave Aleksander Wielopolski
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of the article is to present the funeral ceremonies of Aleksander Wielopolski’s wives – Teresa and Paulina Wielopolska née Potocka. Although these ceremonies are over 60 years apart, and both took place in different political conditions (Teresa died in February 1831 – during the November Uprising, and Paulina in 1895), as well as different family situations (Teresa died as a young married woman, and Paulina as an 82-year-old widow), many features can be seen that connect the funerals of the wife of the Pińczów mayor. The findings presented in the article are based on archival materials, including correspondence of family members about the organization of both funerals, bills, and press articles.
„Za karawan wprost na cmentarz…” – organizacja i koszty ziemiańskiego pogrzebu na przykładzie ostatniej drogi Tekli z Walewskich hrabiny Walewskiej
„Za karawan wprost na cmentarz…” – organizacja i koszty ziemiańskiego pogrzebu na przykładzie ostatniej drogi Tekli z Walewskich hrabiny Walewskiej
(„For the hearse straight to the cemetery…” – organization and costs of a landowner’s funeral on the example of the last journey of the Tekla from Walewski family countess Walewska)
- Author(s):Adrianna Czekalska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:207-223
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:polish landed gentry; Walewski family; Warsaw press; funeral; celebrations
- Summary/Abstract:The only certain „thing” in human life is death. From an anthropological and historical perspective, a funeral is a source about culture at a specific time and in a specific group. A funeral may be therefore a source if information about the social status of deceased and the organizers. A very interesting example of burials in urban space are those performed for people belonging to wealthy landed gentry. The aim of the article is to present the funeral of Tekla from the Walewski family, countess Walewska, which was the wife of the president of the Heraldry of the Congress Poland, Aleksander count Walewski. To confirm the thesis about the special wealth of landowner burials, I used a comparison with the celebrations for Aleksander Leon Lesznowski, the owner of “Gazeta Warszawska”.
„Zgon tej zacnej Polki należy do strat najboleśniejszych, które nam opłakiwać na wygnaniu przyszło”. O upamiętnieniu zmarłych Polek w czasach Wielkiej Emigracji
„Zgon tej zacnej Polki należy do strat najboleśniejszych, które nam opłakiwać na wygnaniu przyszło”. O upamiętnieniu zmarłych Polek w czasach Wielkiej Emigracji
(„The death of this notable Polish woman is one of the most painful losses, which we have had to mourn in exile”. On the commemoration of loss of life among Polish women during the Great Emigration)
- Author(s):Ewa Nowak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:225-238
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Great Emigration; women; commemoration; 19th century
- Summary/Abstract:This article aims to review the commemoration of Polish women whose lives were lost during the Great Emigration. Substantial information about these women can be gleaned from a range of sources, particularly written ones, such as obituaries, lists of deceased emigrants, diaries, eulogies, as well as also tombstones. As the following examples illustrate in greater detail, the deaths of these women often reverberated widely among their contemporary refugee community.
Testament generałowej Sowińskiej. Edycja i analiza źródła
Testament generałowej Sowińskiej. Edycja i analiza źródła
(The will of general Sowinski’s wife. Edition and analysis of archive source)
- Author(s):Maria Chojnacka
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, Modern Age, 19th Century
- Page Range:239-257
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:Katarzyna Sowińska; funeral; family; will; heirs
- Summary/Abstract:The article provides the content of Katarzyna Sowińska’s will. It introduces the people mentioned in it, and, where it was possible to determine, their connections with the testator.
„…abym na ostatnim obchodzie za zwłokami śmiertelnymi ukochanego ojca szedł, aby gdyby się był obejrzał, zobaczył, że ja przy nim jestem”. Śmierć księcia Adama Kazimierza Czartoryskiego w oczach syna Adama Jerzego
„…abym na ostatnim obchodzie za zwłokami śmiertelnymi ukochanego ojca szedł, aby gdyby się był obejrzał, zobaczył, że ja przy nim jestem”. Śmierć księcia Adama Kazimierza Czartoryskiego w oczach syna Adama Jerzego
(…so that I could walk in the final procession for the mortal remains of my beloved father, so that if he had turned around, he would have seen that I was by his side The death of Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski through the eyes of his son, Adam Jer)
- Author(s):Małgorzata Karpińska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:261-272
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski; funeral of Father Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski; emotions; intimate diary
- Summary/Abstract:On the night of March 20, 1823, Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski passed away in Sieniawa. His eldest son, Adam Jerzy, was not present at the moment of death, but he was the only family member to participate in all mourning ceremonies in Sieniawa. However, he did not accompany the funeral procession carrying the deceased’s body to Warsaw. The article presents how the death of Prince Adam Kazimierz was experienced by his son, who recorded his emotions in an intimate diary at the time. These entries reveal immense pain and a sense of loss that accompanied him during the funeral rites. Simultaneously, Adam Jerzy was deeply bitter about his own behavior. He considered leaving the procession a grave transgression against his father. He accused himself of abandoning his father out of laziness, lacking strong moral fortitude, an inability to stand up for his convictions, and succumbing to the influence of others. This note was meant to serve Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski as a means of self-improvement.
O śmierci intymnie. Umieranie, żałoba, pamięć o zmarłych w memuarach i korespondencji rodziny Dolińskich / Łazarowiczów
O śmierci intymnie. Umieranie, żałoba, pamięć o zmarłych w memuarach i korespondencji rodziny Dolińskich / Łazarowiczów
(Intimately about death. Dying, mourning, and memory in the memoirs and correspondence of the Doliński/Łazarowicz family)
- Author(s):Maria Korybut-Marciniak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:273-290
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:ego-documents; family; death; memorialization
- Summary/Abstract:A characteristic feature of 19th century personal documentary literature was the emphasis on descriptions of the last moments of loved ones’ lives. An interesting testimony to death and dying, can be found in the private correspondence, notes, and memoirs of the Doliński/ Łazarowicz family – a family of civil servants. The documentation preserved in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives in Vilnius, spanning nearly 60 years, reveals attitudes toward the death of loved ones, highlights strategies for coping with the sense of loss, and allows for the reconstruction of the emotional states experienced in connection with illness and dying. The aim of this article is to analyze the records documenting the deaths of close family members and to reflect on the function of these types of writings.
Działalność na rzecz pożytku i dobra publicznego czy upadek obyczajów? Ostatnie przypadki publicznych kar śmierci w Prusach w I połowie XIX wieku
Działalność na rzecz pożytku i dobra publicznego czy upadek obyczajów? Ostatnie przypadki publicznych kar śmierci w Prusach w I połowie XIX wieku
(Activity for the public benefit and good, or a decline in morals? Recent cases of public death penalties in Prussia in the first half of the 19th century)
- Author(s):Radosław Kubus
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:293-307
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:19th century; public executions; crime; justice; social history of Prussia
- Summary/Abstract:In the 18th century, reforms began in the Kingdom of Prussia to soften the hitherto existing criminal law, despite which public death penalties persisted in the country until the mid- 19th century. During this time, people accused of the most serious crimes could be publicly hanged, beheaded, burned or broken with a wheel. The aim of this article is to attempt to answer the question – how the attitude of the Hohenzollern state’s society towards public executions changed over the course of the first half of the 19th century. The conclusion that can be drawn from an analysis of the records of the last public executions is that throughout the first half of the 19th century there was a growing scepticism about public executions, which reached its peak in the late 1830s and early 1840s. This coincided with the development of societies working for the rehabilitation of repeat offenders. Progressive public pressure eventually led to a change in the law and thus the abolition of public executions in 1851.
- Price: 15.00 €
Samobójstwo w perspektywie społeczno-prawnej w I połowie XIX wieku na ziemiach polskich zaboru rosyjskiego
Samobójstwo w perspektywie społeczno-prawnej w I połowie XIX wieku na ziemiach polskich zaboru rosyjskiego
(Suicide from a socio-legal perspective in the first half of the 19th century on Polish lands under Russian occupation)
- Author(s):PRZEMYSŁAW ROZENTAL
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, Modern Age, 19th Century
- Page Range:309-326
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Kingdom of Poland; history of criminal law; death by suicide; partition legislation
- Summary/Abstract:The issue of suicide throughout history is an interesting phenomenon from a legal perspective. It raises the question whether it is possible to punish a dead criminal effectively? In the perspective of penal codifications operating in the lands of the Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule, there are provisions that actually concern this issue. Using the deductive method and linguistic interpretation of the provisions of criminal law applicable in Polish lands under the Russian partition, it is possible to present the criminal law issue of suicide as a crime not only of a moral nature but also of a factual nature.
Księża „rytualiści” i pogrzeby ziemiańskie w guberni mińskiej w II połowie XIX wieku Komunikat
Księża „rytualiści” i pogrzeby ziemiańskie w guberni mińskiej w II połowie XIX wieku Komunikat
(„Ritualistic” priests and landowners’ funerals in the Minsk guberniya in the second half of the 19th century. Announcement)
- Author(s):Roman Jurkowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:327-337
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:Taken Lands; Minsk guberniya; Polish landowners; Catholic church; „ritualists” priests
- Summary/Abstract:The article is information about research problem describing the relationship betweenPolish landowners from the Minsk Governorate and Catholic priests, called „ritualists”who adopted the Russian language in the so-called additional services. The situation tookplace in the second half of the 19th century, after the January Uprising, when, under pressurefrom the Russian authorities and despite the Vatican, some Catholic priests used the Russianlanguage during Catholic masses and during funerals. This caused strong resistance from thePolish Catholic landed gentry, who did not want to hear the Russian language during suchsad celebrations as family funerals. The article presents three funerals in the well-knownborderland Wańkowicz family, during which the mourners were forced to accept the presenceof a „ritualist” priest.
Żniwo chorób epidemicznych w guberni płockiej w latach 1864–1914
Żniwo chorób epidemicznych w guberni płockiej w latach 1864–1914
(The toll of epidemic diseases in the Płock Governorate between 1864 and 1914)
- Author(s):Marta Milewska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:339-355
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:disease; epidemic disease; infectious disease; epidemic; cholera; smallpox; scarlet fever
- Summary/Abstract:Epidemic diseases were a serious problem of medical care in the Płock Governorate in the years 1864–1914. The main infectious diseases occurring in the above-mentioned province were cholera, smallpox, scarlet fever, typhus, typhus, croup, measles, whooping cough, measles and tuberculosis. Analyzing the incidence of the above-mentioned diseases, it can be concluded that the Płock Governorate was a mosaic of diseases that occurred with greater or lesser severity. However, the aim of the article is to draw attention to the mortality resulting from these diseases. Each of the above epidemic diseases took its toll. It took many lives. The article also draws attention to the problems of medical care in the Płock Governorate in the fight against selected epidemic diseases, namely cholera, smallpox and scarlet fever.
Śmierć i krótka żałoba, czyli rzeczywisty koniec Młodej Polski
Śmierć i krótka żałoba, czyli rzeczywisty koniec Młodej Polski
(Death and short mourning – the real end of Young Poland)
- Author(s):Wojciech Gruchała
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, 19th Century
- Page Range:357-373
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Franciszek Pik Mirandola; Young Poland; Modernism; death
- Summary/Abstract:Franciszek Pik Mirandola died on June 3, 1930. His death was recorded in newspapers all over Poland, and the number of obituaries and posthumous memoirs was greater than the number of reviews of any of his artistic works. Initially, interest in Mirandola’s death was limited to family and the circle of friends, as evidenced by a quiet funeral without any signs of a national manifestation. However, the matter of his death revived the public debate not because of the topicality of Pik’s artistic program, but as a pretext to discuss the financial situation and the functions of artists in the newly created state order of the Second Polish Republic. The course of the funeral celebration determined by these facts allows us to diagnose the beginning of the 1930s as the end of the 19th century cultural idiom.
