Ј(Н)А И ИЗАЗОВИ ВОЈНОГ ПРОФЕСИОНАЛИЗМА 1945–1992.
J(N)A AND THE CHALLENGES OF MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM 1945–1992.
Contributor(s): Tatjana Milošević (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Military history, Military policy, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Cold-War History
Published by: Institut za strategijska istraživanja
Keywords: armed forces; JNA; Yugoslavia
Summary/Abstract: Considering that military professionalism represents one of the key values on which all effective armed forces are based, it is the respect of its basic principles that testifies to the level of professional development of the armed forces of a country. By those principles we mean the requirements for general and special education for admission to the officer corps, the existence of exams as a form of checking the level of competence for promotion to higher ranks, built and rounded institutions for higher military education, promotion based on merit and achievements, the existence of a detailed and efficient staff system, a sense of community and responsibility, and recognition of the limits of professional competence. That is why in this compilation, the greatest attention is paid to respecting these very principles of military professionalism in the Yugoslav (People's) Army, as a military formation that grew out of the National Liberation War and the revolution in the period from 1945 to 1992. Through the published works on the pages of the Proceedings, we tried to point out the various limiting factors that influenced the development of military professionalism, but at the same time, the modalities of overcoming them, through which the army tried to get closer to professional requirements.
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-81121-39-9
- Page Count: 226
- Publication Year: 2024
- Language: Serbian
ВОЈНИ ПОЗИВ КАО ПРОФЕСИЈА
ВОЈНИ ПОЗИВ КАО ПРОФЕСИЈА
(MILITARY VOCATION AS A PROFESSION)
- Author(s):Ivana M. Luknar
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics, History, Military history, Military policy
- Page Range:13-33
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:profession; military profession; armed forces; military culture; military moral; professional soldier
- Summary/Abstract:The paper presents a military profession through its basic elements. Before explaining this specific type of the profession, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the term profession. That’s why the first part of the paper deals with concept of profession in general. The second part of the paper deals with the basic elements of military profession. Each profession is integral part of the society. Apropos, professions function in a socio-political context which shapes and changes them, and also makes the professions current or outdated. In the third part of the paper is presented current socio-political context in which contemporary military profession operates. On behalf of the mainly task of the armed forces, topic of this paper is current and socially useful to examine. The purpose of the paper is to discuss military profession in nowadays and to encourage a debate that can further contribute to development of military profession in general or eventual to contribute to development of its basic elements.
ИЗМЕЂУ ВОЈСКЕ И ПОЛИТИКЕ
ИЗМЕЂУ ВОЈСКЕ И ПОЛИТИКЕ
(BETWEEN THE ARMY AND POLITICS)
- Author(s):Milan Terzić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Military policy, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Cold-War History
- Page Range:35-51
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:politics; soldiers; generals; war; personnel; advancement
- Summary/Abstract:Josip Broz Tito was undisputed authority in Partisan’s movement during and after the Second World War. He combined all important and significant functions both in the Army and in politics, especially jealously keeping in his hands Foreign Policy. He was pragmatic using the knowledge of the officers of the Kingdom Yugoslavia Army who had joined the Partisan movement. By the end of the war on proven ideological human resources those who had fight in Spanish Civil War was appointed highest ranks (Army Commanders). There is an old story that had repeated in this case that it is the easiest and fastest way to get to the rank of general in war already at the age of 30 (there was an example at the age of 25). However, it turned that the politics with its frequent changes was not favorable for career soldier because of instrumentalization efforts or even to sacrifice them for interests and goals of that politics. Linking military career with centers of political power was often double edged it brought fast advancement but not rarely with limited timeframe. History remembers those who are loyal to their work which they have choose in this case officer duty staying dignified to themselves and their’s profession.
О ОДАБИРАЊУ И ШКОЛОВАЊУ ОФИЦИРСКОГ КАДРА ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКЕ АРМИЈЕ У ПРВИМ ПОСЛЕРАТНИМ ГОДИНАМА
О ОДАБИРАЊУ И ШКОЛОВАЊУ ОФИЦИРСКОГ КАДРА ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКЕ АРМИЈЕ У ПРВИМ ПОСЛЕРАТНИМ ГОДИНАМА
(ON SELECTION AND EDUCATION OFFICERS OF THE YUGOSLAV ARMY IN THE FIRST POST-WAR YEARS)
- Author(s):Marko B. Miletić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Military history, Military policy
- Page Range:53-77
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:Yugoslav Army; personnel policy; education; Communist Party of Yugoslavia
- Summary/Abstract:The processes of selection and education of the officer cadre in the first post-war years were under the strict control of the Political Administration, i.e. the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. All its views on the selection and education of the leadership personnel, were adopted, although in some cases they were not appropriate. In this respect, compliance with professional requirements was secondary, and the Party and nonprofessional elements took precedence. In the early post-war years, Yugoslavia succeeded in building a military school system in which it trained its officers from the lowest to the highest positions, thus taking the first step toward organizing a modern-type army. However, most of the non-commissioned officers went through the officer schools, where they acquired the most basic military theoretical knowledge, which meant that they were not fully prepared for all the challenges of modern warfare.
ШКОЛОВАЊЕ КАДРА И ПОПУНА ЉУДСТВОМ ОКЛОПНО-МЕХАНИЗОВАНИХ ЈЕДИНИЦА ЈНА 1945–1992.
ШКОЛОВАЊЕ КАДРА И ПОПУНА ЉУДСТВОМ ОКЛОПНО-МЕХАНИЗОВАНИХ ЈЕДИНИЦА ЈНА 1945–1992.
(PERSONNEL OF THE ARMOURED UNITS BRANCH IN YUGOSLAV ARMY 1945-1992)
- Author(s):Bojan B. Dimitrijević
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Military policy
- Page Range:79-105
- No. of Pages:27
- Keywords:Yugoslavia; Yugoslav People s’ Army; armoured units; personnel; officers; cadets; tanks
- Summary/Abstract:The article provides the analyses of the officer’s core and training of the recruits that belonged to the armoured branch of the Yugoslav People’s Army in the period between 1945 and 1991. There were several phases in the development of the education and training of cadres within JNA, mostly related to the current international position of Socialist Yugoslavia during the Cold War. From initial training with the British Army in Mediterranean and Italy, over the longer period of training and education in the Soviet Union, to the development of the original Yugoslav education and training methodology in Military Academy, Belgrade and Armoured Units Training Centre in Banja Luka, by the beginning of the 1950s and which lasted up to the break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991-1992. The article is written upon the author’s research on the original archival documentation of the Armoured Units Department, III Organisational and IV training Department of the Yugoslav General Staff, which kept in Military Archive Belgrade but still regarded as classified.
ИЗМЕЂУ СТАРОГ И НОВОГ - ЈА/ЈНА И РАТНА ИСКУСТВА ВОЈСКЕ КРАЉЕВИНЕ СРБИЈЕ (1948–1959)
ИЗМЕЂУ СТАРОГ И НОВОГ - ЈА/ЈНА И РАТНА ИСКУСТВА ВОЈСКЕ КРАЉЕВИНЕ СРБИЈЕ (1948–1959)
(BETWEEN THE OLD AND THE NEW – YA/YPA AND WAR EXPERIENCES OF THE ARMY OF THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA (1948-1959))
- Author(s):Aleksandar Životić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):History, Military history
- Page Range:109-132
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Serbia; Yugoslavia; army; science; military history; mobilization; education; military intelligence service
- Summary/Abstract:Until 1949, it was assumed that Yugoslavia could only be threatened by capitalist countries from the West, primarily the USA and Great Britain. The beginning and then the intensification of the conflict with the Soviet Union and its satellites - the Yugoslav neighbors, a large concentration and frequent demonstrative movements of troops along the border, as well as armed incidents threatened to cause an armed conflict. The foreign political isolation in which Yugoslavia found itself (1948-1951), as well as the presence of significant Soviet military forces in the environment, constantly strengthened the fear of a possible Soviet military intervention. Moving away from Soviet models meant insisting on one’s own experiences gained during the period of the Customs War between Serbia and Austria- Hungary, the Balkans, the First and Second World Wars. The conflict between the Kingdom of Serbia and Austria-Hungary, as a conflict between a small country and a great power of that era. That is why a systematic study of the war experiences of the Serbian army from that era was started. Special institutions and research groups were formed that had the task of studying and systematizing existing knowledge. Special institutions were created for this purpose. Formed knowledge was implemented through the development of military scientific institutions, military education, improvement of the mobilization system and the work of the military intelligence service. The initiated process of de-Sovietization and return to one’s own military experiences was not a mere doctrinal response to new military and geopolitical challenges, but an essential departure from ideological indoctrination and a step towards reaffirmation of military professionalism.
СОВЈЕТСКИ УТИЦАЈ НА ПОЧЕТКЕ РАЗВОЈА ВОЈНОГ ШКОЛСТВА У ЈА/ЈНА 1945–1950.
СОВЈЕТСКИ УТИЦАЈ НА ПОЧЕТКЕ РАЗВОЈА ВОЈНОГ ШКОЛСТВА У ЈА/ЈНА 1945–1950.
(SOVIET INFLUENCE ON THE BEGINNINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY EDUCATION IN THE YUGOSLAV ARMY AND YUGOSLAV PEOPLE’ S ARMY IN 1945-1950)
- Author(s):Tatjana Milošević
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):History, Military history
- Page Range:133-151
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:Military academy; cadets; teachers; listeneres; classes; subjects; doctrine
- Summary/Abstract:The period from 1945. to 1950. in the development of the military school was characteristic for the immediate post war work on adjusting the elderly to the peacetime way of life and the wartime military school to the new conditions. Another important characteristic of this period was the strong influence of soviet military theory and practice in the Yugoslav army through the military school which lasted until the proclamation Resolution IB in 1948. Due to the rejection of the soviet model of schooling it gradually came to reliance on own strengths and experience both in training and education and in building the army and military doctrine as a whole. The problem of education of existing officers is solved first by forming a Military academy, the objective of which is to provide a rational way of recruiting new officers in accordance with the needs of the army and rejuvenating the officer. Then with the establishment of officers schools of types of genres and services, that is for military schools that had the task of creating conditions for refilling the Yugoslav army with new officers schooled on modern basis.
ИЗМЕЂУ ИДЕОЛОГИЈЕ И ПРОФЕСИЈЕ: РАТНА ШКОЛА, ШКОЛА (ОПШТЕ) НАРОДНЕ ОДБРАНЕ (1955–1990)
ИЗМЕЂУ ИДЕОЛОГИЈЕ И ПРОФЕСИЈЕ: РАТНА ШКОЛА, ШКОЛА (ОПШТЕ) НАРОДНЕ ОДБРАНЕ (1955–1990)
(BETWEEN THE IDEOLOGY AND PROFESSIONALISAM: YUGOSLAV WAR COLLEGE – NATIONAL DEFENSE COLLEGE (1955–1990))
- Author(s):Dalibor Denda
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):History, Military history
- Page Range:153-168
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Military; education; War College; politics; professionalism
- Summary/Abstract:War College (from 1971 National Defense College) of Yugoslav Peoples Army as the highest level of military education and training was established in 1955. It appeared several years after Tito - Stalin split. War College was organized mostly according to previous professional and organizational experiences that existed in the Kingdom of Serbia and Yugoslavia preparing the officers for the highest postс within the Army and Ministry of National Defense. During the first almost 20 years of its existence it managed to achieve and protect at least elementary principles of military professionalism regarding the criteria of candidate selection, level of education and evaluation. At the beginning College was more practically, free-minded and self-initiative then theoretically oriented. Although Socialistic Yugoslavia was one-party state, during the long lasting period ideological subjects were not part of the curriculum. The decrease of professional level of National Defense College starts during the mid-1970’s reaching the lowest level in the period between 1985 and 1989, when the ideological demands prevailed over the professional ones. The main reason should be seen in the fear of the outgoing generation partisan veterans that the young generations will abandon the values they fought for. That caused the increase in the level of communist indoctrination within military educational system and during the selection of future high ranked officers. In that time the high ranked military personnel were trained first of all to defend ideology. Thanks to that, the most of the Military leadership members were not aware how profound were the changes started in 1989 that affected the international order. It also presented the prelude to the tragedy of civil war in SFRY, the scenario for which the army has newer prepared.
ПРОФЕСИОНАЛИЗАЦИЈА СУДСКОГ ВЕЋА И ПРАВА НА ОДБРАНУ У ВОЈСКАМА СРБИЈЕ И ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ У 19. И 20. ВЕКУ
ПРОФЕСИОНАЛИЗАЦИЈА СУДСКОГ ВЕЋА И ПРАВА НА ОДБРАНУ У ВОЈСКАМА СРБИЈЕ И ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ У 19. И 20. ВЕКУ
(THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF THE COURT PANEL AND THE RIGHT TO DEFENSE IN THE ARMIES OF SERBIA AND YUGOSLAVIA IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY)
- Author(s):Nenad Ž. Petrović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, History of Law, Military history
- Page Range:171-185
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:professionalization; military courts; lawyers; Serbia; Yugoslavia
- Summary/Abstract:In this article, the development of the professionalization of military courts in Serbia and Yugoslavia during the 19th and 20th century is analyzed. From the first Military Court Code in 1864 to 1995, the author considers the following two problems: the composition of the court panel and the right to professional defense. Defense before military courts could only be conducted by officers until the Law on Military Courts was adopted in 1965, and since then civilian lawyers have been allowed to do so, first with limitations (if a military secret could possibly be disclosed) and then without any limitations. The composition of court panels has also been changed: from the initial state where all members of the court were officers-jurors (with no legal knowledge), through the mixed composition, where the majority was the jury element for a long time, to the complete professionalization of court panels (composed exclusively of officers legally qualified), which happened in the period after 1945. Finally, in the 2000s, military courts were abolished and their jurisdiction was transferred to courts of general jurisdiction. Only the first instance Military Disciplinary Courts (in Belgrade, Novi Sad, and Niš), and Higher Military Disciplinary Court in Belgrade as the second instance court are left as a relic, although according to the Constitution and laws they cannot be called courts because they are the bodies that judge disciplinary violations of employees in the Ministry of Defense and the Serbian Army.
НОРМАТИВНО РЕГУЛИСАЊЕ НАУЧНОИСТРАЖИВАЧКЕ ДЕЛАТНОСТИ У ЈНА
НОРМАТИВНО РЕГУЛИСАЊЕ НАУЧНОИСТРАЖИВАЧКЕ ДЕЛАТНОСТИ У ЈНА
(NORMATIVE REGULATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN THE YUGOSLAV PEOPLE’S ARMY)
- Author(s):Miljan Milkić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Military history
- Page Range:187-204
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Laws; regulations; scientific research activity; Yugoslav People’s Army; Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- Summary/Abstract:The article analyzes the most important legal documents published in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that relate to the normative framework regulations of scientific research activities. Some other factors that significantly influence scientific research work, such as scientific journals or military documentation centers and libraries, were not the subject of this research. The article was written on the basis of normative documents published in the Official Gazette, the Official Military Gazette, articles published in the journal Vojno delo, relevant literature, as well as texts published in military magazine Narodna armija. Bearing in mind the political circumstances in the country, it is necessary to emphasize that despite the progress in the normative regulation, the scientific work in the Yugoslav People’s Army was under a strong ideological mark. The evaluations that can be read in the military literature emphasize that in that period, in connection with the development of social sciences in the Yugoslav People’s Army, the Political Administration played a decisive role. An important moment in the development of scientific research activities in the army is represented by the Law on Military Schools and Scientific Research Institutions of the JNA of April 23, 1973. In one part of the Law, which is related to the scientific research institutions of the Yugoslav People’s Army, it is defined that they deal with scientific and development work in scientific fields of importance for the armed forces and national defence.
ИСКУШЕЊА ВОЈНО-ЦИВИЛНИХ ОДНОСА И ПОСЛЕДИЦЕ ПО ОРУЖАНЕ СНАГЕ
ИСКУШЕЊА ВОЈНО-ЦИВИЛНИХ ОДНОСА И ПОСЛЕДИЦЕ ПО ОРУЖАНЕ СНАГЕ
(TEMPTATIONS OF THE CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CONSEQUENCES ON THE NATIONAL DEFENSE)
- Author(s):Mile Bjelajac
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):History, Military history
- Page Range:205-223
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:military-civil relations; state policy; Army of the Kingdom of Serbia; Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- Summary/Abstract:Temptations within the Civil-Military nexus is a traditional one rather than occasional. This paper highlights several issues that are often out of sight of political decision-makers, but also of the general public. Some of these issues are of crucial importance for the security of the country. The question of all questions is how much time does a country realistically have to solidly prepare for crisis situations, impending danger? How do assessments of security challenges influence a development of institution (military), training and professionalization plans? Historical experience cannot be a complete recipe, but it is a warning. How many politicians understand the importance of the military in conducting successful diplomacy? The military, as an expert factor that assesses the security situation, often cannot comply with the civilian factor with its views and proposals. The civilian factor in democratic societies is often guided only by short-term interests, and the military elites bear permanent responsibility if the state meets events unprepared and an ultimatum, sanctions, or breakdown comes. For military professionals, there remains a permanent challenge to advice civilian top of how and when to translate a peacetime military formation into a wartime one, how to move from a school template to a real war situation, and how to develop the ability to adapt. In an evaluation process of particular Military, it is worth to question how it creatively (or not) use other military’s most recent experiences in the absence of its own. Of no less importance is a firm insisting by military and the defense ministers, on buying modern armament on time and developing domestic military industrial complex. The Serbian and Yugoslav experience on display shows many examples that support the thesis that civil-military were not harmonious in many critical occasions. On the part of civilian side one can list several personalities (Ilija Garasanin, Nikola Pasic, Milan Stojadinovic, Josip Broz Tito) that understand well importance of military for any diplomatic endeavor, especially for the deterence. The monarchs in the Serbian past also understand well this traditional necessity. The same remark could not go to some other highranking politicians even in the last, very turbulent decades. On the part of top military brass one can spot different attitude among the generals and ministers. Some, fully aware of their sensitive responsibilities for the future of the state, firmly insisted in behalf of defense interests and displayed grim future if the parliament and government does not take it in consideration. They even offered their resignation on the post. However, there were those in whole period who have chosen to obey for the sake of their career any political decision whatever the final consequences would be. In this paper we put emphasis on numerous examples of how even historians are inclined to misjudgment motives of military in the past, whereby using ideological clue. On the contrary, we put in the foreground the real motives for the actions of the military leadership and the army, as well as the objective circumstances that prevented modernization and military reforms in spite of good will.We presented historical examples from the past of Serbia and Yugoslavia that suggest the importance of the time factor when it comes to procurement of materials from abroad. Once it was about the French cannon 75 (1901), and once it was anti-aircraft missiles S/300 (1998). In the essence it is the same story. The examples of interwar period bore the same nature, too.We drew attention to the fact that the acquisition of the latest military technology is related to political ties and the issue of alliances. The limited scope of this work does not allow for a wider citation of examples, but we refer to our earlier works in which this is listed.
