Życie prywatne Polaków w XIX wieku. W zwierciadle rzeczy. Tom 10
Private Lives of Poles in the 19th Century. In the Mirror of Things. Volume 10
Contributor(s): Jarosław Kita (Editor), Maria Korybut-Marciniak (Editor)
Subject(s): History, 19th Century
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Keywords: Polish spas; sanitation; hygiene; livestock; wedding expedition; private life of Poles in the 19th century
Summary/Abstract: The next, tenth jubilee volume of the publishing series Private Life of Poles in the 19th Century, similarly to the previous volumes, was also born out of the need for a different story about the past. This time we propose a new cognitive perspective of the private life and everyday life of the epoch – its view – through the prism of people’s material surroundings. Privacy „in the Mirror of Things”, that is focusing attention on the material environment in which the life of Poles under the partitions passed, allowed for the introduction of individual private worlds, showing scenes and the rhythm of everyday life, cultural landscapes, living spaces that remained in the shadows. Objects surrounding a person can be analyzed through the prism of their usefulness, typology, genesis, and territorial scope. Traditional studies of material culture have often lost the social context of artifacts. It is worth looking at their role in a broader perspective. Seemingly silent objects, collected by life, surrounding a person, selected, protected, rejected, constitute a mirror that can speak with an appropriate set of questions. The world of things surrounding a person reflects the reality of his daily existence, his mentality, standard of living, professed values, aesthetic preferences, family ties, the nature of everyday activities, ways of spending free time, group membership, attitude to fashion, religion, and civilization changes. The editors are aware that the presented volume is not exhaustive and only provokes further discourse on the private life of Poles in the 19th century. The prism of „things” opened up an additional spectrum of research possibilities in the sphere of everyday and intimate life of Polish society under the partitions. The articles did not reflect on the mentality of the people of the era to which the door was opened by material sources. The forms surrounding Poles in the nineteenth century made it possible to observe changes within culture, made it possible to penetrate into inaccessible social environments, and the presentation of biographies through „things” shed new light on the figures studied so far only through written sources. „The Mirror of Things” may become an inspiration for further studies on Polish society during the partitions.
Series: Uniwersytet Łódzki
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8220-764-4
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-8220-763-7
- Page Count: 384
- Publication Year: 2022
- Language: Polish
„W zwierciadle rzeczy” - wprowadzenie
„W zwierciadle rzeczy” - wprowadzenie
(„In the Mirror of Things” – Introduction)
- Author(s):Jarosław Kita, Maria Korybut-Marciniak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century, Editorial
- Page Range:7-16
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:introduction; multi-author monograph; private life; Poles; 19th century
- Summary/Abstract:The next, tenth jubilee volume of the publishing series Private Life of Poles in the 19th Century, similarly to the previous volumes, was also born out of the need for a different story about the past. This time we propose a new cognitive perspective of the private life and everyday life of the epoch – its view – through the prism of people’s material surroundings. Privacy „in the Mirror of Things”, that is focusing attention on the material environment in which the life of Poles under the partitions passed, allowed for the introduction of individual private worlds, showing scenes and the rhythm of everyday life, cultural landscapes, living spaces that remained in the shadows. Objects surrounding a person can be analyzed through the prism of their usefulness, typology, genesis, and territorial scope. Traditional studies of material culture have often lost the social context of artifacts. It is worth looking at their role in a broader perspective. Seemingly silent objects, collected by life, surrounding a person, selected, protected, rejected, constitute a mirror that can speak with an appropriate set of questions. The world of things surrounding a person reflects the reality of his daily existence, his mentality, standard of living, professed values, aesthetic preferences, family ties, the nature of everyday activities, ways of spending free time, group membership, attitude to fashion, religion, and civilization changes. The editors are aware that the presented volume is not exhaustive and only provokes further discourse on the private life of Poles in the 19th century. The prism of „things” opened up an additional spectrum of research possibilities in the sphere of everyday and intimate life of Polish society under the partitions. The articles did not reflect on the mentality of the people of the era to which the door was opened by material sources. The forms surrounding Poles in the nineteenth century made it possible to observe changes within culture, made it possible to penetrate into inaccessible social environments, and the presentation of biographies through „things” shed new light on the figures studied so far only through written sources. „The Mirror of Things” may become an inspiration for further studies on Polish society during the partitions.
Urządzenia do balneoterapii w polskich uzdrowiskach w XIX wieku
Urządzenia do balneoterapii w polskich uzdrowiskach w XIX wieku
(Devices for balneotherapy in Polish spa in XIX century)
- Author(s):Jarosław Kita
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:19-41
- No. of Pages:23
- Keywords:hydrotherapy; devices and accessories; spas; 19th century; Galicia; the Kingdom of Poland
- Summary/Abstract:In the nineteenth century, there was a renaissance in the use of water in medicine, a method that was already used in antiquity, but also a rapid boom in various types of treatments with the use of water, including mineral ones. Vincenz Priessnitz (1799–1851) and priest Sebastian Kneipp (1821–1897), who founded a hydrotherapy facility in Bad Wörishofen, contributed primarily to the development of hydrotherapy in 19th century Europe. It was this town that was modeled on by other hydrotherapy supporters in the 19th century, establishing their own natural medicine facilities. Various devices and accessories were used during these treatments. Along with the rapid development of hydrotherapy, the equipment used in this water therapy was modernized, in which, however, the most important thing was the bathtub. The aim of the article is to show this evolutionary process on the example of selected Polish spa towns (in Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland) where hydrotherapeutic treatments were used throughout the long 19th century. The reflections were based on the analysis of information sources and brochures issued by health resorts as well as texts published in the press at that time. Iconographic material also played an important role.
Warunki i urządzenia sanitarne w mieszkaniach XIX-wiecznych płocczan na przykładzie dzielnicy żydowskiej i mieszkań płockich stróżów
Warunki i urządzenia sanitarne w mieszkaniach XIX-wiecznych płocczan na przykładzie dzielnicy żydowskiej i mieszkań płockich stróżów
(Sanitary conditions and devices in the apartments XIX-century płocczans on the example of the Jewish quarter and flats in Płock watchman)
- Author(s):Marta Milewska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:43-61
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:sanitary condition; hygiene conditions; flats; inhabitants; devices; health condition
- Summary/Abstract:The nineteenth century favored the appearance of a new sanitary devices. Unfortunately, these inventions were delivered to Polish soil with a long delay, including the inhabitants of the provincial city of Płock. The article is therefore an attempt to present the sanitary condition of flats in Płock in the second half of the nineteenth century, using the example of a watchman in the Jewish district and Płock flats. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the relationship between the sanitary condition of apartments and the health of the city’s inhabitants. The analysis of the housing equipment, their size, distribution and population density allowed to outline the almost catastrophic hygienic conditions in the apartments of the above-mentioned social groups. The sad picture of the hygienic conditions in the apartments in the Jewish district and in the apartments of Płock guards was complemented by the lack of access to running water and improper sanitation. The above omissions allowed to establish that the apartments of the Jewish population in Płock and the Płock watchmen were deprived of basic sanitary facilities, which favored the spread of epidemic diseases.
W laboratorium XIX-wiecznego psychologa
W laboratorium XIX-wiecznego psychologa
(In a 19th century psychologist’s laboratory)
- Author(s):Daria Domarańczyk-Cieślak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:63-72
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:laboratory; psychology; history
- Summary/Abstract:This article deals with the topic of the first psychological laboratories in the world. Their history began in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt established his experimental laboratory in Leipzig, where numerous experiments in psychophysiology were carried out under his direction, those examining the cognitive processes and the nature of human emotions being of particular importance. That is why the year 1879 is recognised as the symbolic date of birth of psychology as a separate and independent science. Soon afterwards, more and more psychological laboratories were established across Europe and the USA which significantly spurred the development of this newly born science. Some experimental laboratories were also set up on the Polish territories under partitions – in Cracow, Lvov and Warsaw. At the initiative of Julian Ochorowicz, called ‘the father of Polish psychology’, a private laboratory was established in the town of Wisla, where hypnotic and spiritualistic séances together with scientific experiments were carried out. And, therefore, the town itself has become the informal capital of Polish psychology.
Piękno a zdrowie. Krytyka kosmetyki w dyskursie higienicznym drugiej połowy XIX w.
Piękno a zdrowie. Krytyka kosmetyki w dyskursie higienicznym drugiej połowy XIX w.
(Beauty and Health. Criticism of cosmetics in the hygienic discourse of the second half of the 19th century)
- Author(s):Anita Napierała
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:73-94
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:cosmetics; history of cosmetics 19th century; hygiene; hygiene prevention; rational cosmetic
- Summary/Abstract:The development of cosmetic trade and industry in the second half of 19th century aroused the interest of hygienists and doctors in the health effects of cosmetics. The usefulness and effectiveness of cosmetic products, their application, methods of production and sales caused a lot of controversy. The controversy arose mainly from the belief that advertised cosmetics are not healthy but were produced for profit, by manufacturers who did not possess proper knowledge. The article discusses the views and opinions on cosmetics contained in Polish periodicals and health and hygiene advice books from the second half of the nineteenth century. The arguments of hygiene advocates are discussed in the context of the nineteenth-century aesthetic concepts of the body, the related standards of male and female beauty and their relation to the then popular hygienic postulates of health prophylaxis.
W damskiej gotowalni. Zwyczaje higieniczne kobiet w XIX wieku na przykładach ze zbiorów Muzeum Warmii i Mazur w Olsztynie
W damskiej gotowalni. Zwyczaje higieniczne kobiet w XIX wieku na przykładach ze zbiorów Muzeum Warmii i Mazur w Olsztynie
(In ladies’ boudoir. Hygiene of women in the nineteenth century on examples from the collection of Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn)
- Author(s):Anna Malinowska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:95-114
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:hygiene; woman; 19th century; collection of the Museum of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
- Summary/Abstract:The subject matter of this article is an attempt to show the issues related to health and hygiene of women in the 19th century. Its most important aspect is the concept of a boudoir as a private chamber and a kind of sanctuary, in which all activities were carried out in order to maintain hygiene and beautiful appearance. The furnishings of a boudoirs and how they differed depending on the social position and the wealth of the owner will be extensively described, based on the example of exhibits from the Museum of Warmia and Masuria and guidebook literature. By showing objects of everyday use that served the purpose of maintaining hygiene and aesthetic appearance, the article illustrates the process of transformation that took place in women’s hygiene habits in the 19th century.
Materialna spuścizna po Stanisławie Polakowskim – nauczycielu przełomu XIX i XX wieku
Materialna spuścizna po Stanisławie Polakowskim – nauczycielu przełomu XIX i XX wieku
(Material legacy of Stanisław Polakowski, a teacher from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries)
- Author(s):Dariusz Złotkowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:117-145
- No. of Pages:29
- Keywords:„treasure”; the Polakowski family; camera; radio set; Singer sewing machine; press and books
- Summary/Abstract:In 1995, my book entitled Życie zawodowe i rodzinne Stanisława Polakowskiego 1880–1943 nauczyciela szkół wiejskich w świetle jego notatek i korespondencji (Professional and Family Life of Stanisław Polakowski, 1880–1943, a Rural School Teacher in the Light of His Notes and Correspondence) was published. One usually reconstructs the life path and professional achievements of a given person on the basis of written sources. This article attempts to show how precious preserved material legacy can be. In case of the aforesaid teacher, the „treasure” consisted of notebooks and textbooks from his school years, a violin brought from Veiveriai, and press and books from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Russian and Polish. Notes made on the margins of small calendars or notepads concerning his family, the weather or war events of 1914 turned out to be very useful, too. Gradually, other objects were added to the list: a camera, a radio set, a Singer sewing machine. Those artifacts have survived in a family house of the Polakowski family in Poraj, built during his retirement. Over the years, the family was aware that their father’s personal belongings were as precious as written sources. It is worth the mention that in 2007 the inhabitants of Strzyżowice and its education authorities decided to choose Stanisław Polakowski as the patron of the local primary school.
Świat rzeczy przedstawiciela inteligencji warszawskiej w okresie międzypowstaniowym – przykład Juliana Bartoszewicza
Świat rzeczy przedstawiciela inteligencji warszawskiej w okresie międzypowstaniowym – przykład Juliana Bartoszewicza
(The world of things of a representative of the Warsaw intelligentsia in the inter-uprising period – the example of Julian Bartoszewicz)
- Author(s):Ilona Florczak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Cultural history, 19th Century
- Page Range:147-160
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Julian Bartoszewicz; inventory of movable property 19th century; Warsaw 1832–1870; material culture of the 19th century
- Summary/Abstract:Julian Bartoszewicz’s world of things did not differ from similar worlds of other representatives of the Warsaw intelligentsia at that time, especially in terms of home furnishing and wardrobe. An average amount of furniture, a modest wardrobe and a limited number of everyday items – the furnishings of the apartment did not differ either in quality or quantity from the standard in second half of 19th century. The only exception, which should be emphasized, was the large library, the content of which clearly defined the interests and passions of its owner. The collection created by Bartoszewicz, which was a specific workshop of his work, was also much more valuable than the estimate expressed in rubles indicated. Its value also clearly indicated the historian’s attitude to material things, for whom manuscripts and old books were the most important.
Rzeczy z mieszkania przy Southampton Street. Pośmiertny inwentarz uczestnika Nocy Listopadowej jako świadectwo emigranckiego losu
Rzeczy z mieszkania przy Southampton Street. Pośmiertny inwentarz uczestnika Nocy Listopadowej jako świadectwo emigranckiego losu
(Items from lodgings on Southampton Street. Posthumous inventory of Polish insurgent from 1830 as a reflection of the fate of emigrants)
- Author(s):Krzysztof Marchlewicz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:161-172
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Great Emigration; England; posthumous inventory; Teodor Jeleński
- Summary/Abstract:This article is an overview of the posthumous inventory of things belonging to captain Teodor Karol Jeleński, who died of cerebral hemorrhage in London on May 7th, 1836 at the age of thirty-two. The inventory is now kept at Bibliothèque Polonaise à Paris together with other documents related to the history of the Polish political emigration in the United Kingdom. During the November Uprising Jeleński fought against the Russians as an officer in the 20th Infantry Regiment. Then he went into exile and spent the first years of emigration in Saxony. As a result of police repression, he had to seek an asylum in England. The state of his possessions described in the inventory reflects the hardships and difficulties of everyday life of the Polish refugees in London and proves that Jeleński made attempts to supplement his scanty resources by earning as a painter. Among his belongings were also items suggesting that he could still identify himself with the political goals of Polish emigration and he was seeking some kind of consolation in religion.
Głosy uwięzione w zielnikach. Zapomniane badaczki flory litewskiej w XX wieku
Głosy uwięzione w zielnikach. Zapomniane badaczki flory litewskiej w XX wieku
(Voices trapped in herbaria. Forgotten female researchers of Lithuanian flora in the 19th century)
- Author(s):Maria Korybut-Marciniak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:173-192
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Borderlands; herbaria; women’s history; natural sciences; 19th century
- Summary/Abstract:The development of natural sciences in the nineteenth century resulted in creation of numerous botanical collections and the accumulation of herbarium collections in university centers at the established natural history and in the center’s societies. An important assessment is that women, until the 1860s, were unable to obtain higher education, and thus also to conduct independent research and publication of their results, women played a significant role in the development of botanical sciences. The article gives a closer look at portraits of Polish women from Kresy, authors of herbariums, forgotten female researchers of the flora of Lithuanian-Belarusian lands in the 19th century: Maria Twardowska of Skirmunt (1857–1907) and Tekla Symonowiczówna (1838–1900).
…wyczerpać najprzód wszelkie źródła do tegoż przedmiotu – Jan Matejko
…wyczerpać najprzód wszelkie źródła do tegoż przedmiotu – Jan Matejko
(…Exhaust all sources for this subject first – Jan Matejko)
- Author(s):Marta Kłak-Ambrożkiewicz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:193-207
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:the biography of things; the biography of the painter; Jan Matejko; the collector
- Summary/Abstract:The biography of things, in the biography of the painter, in the biography of the work, in the biography of the house that became a museum. History recreated on the basis of sources – receipts, inventories, photographs, correspondence in accordance with the artist’s motto. Jan Matejko (1838–1893) is the author of more than three hundred twenty oil paintings, several thousand drawing sketches, a couple of hundred projects of the polychrome, stained glass, altars and statues. He was a titan, not only artistic. His paintings received the highest awards. Also, honorary memberships of the European artistic associations were bestowed on him. In 1873 Matejko took the management of Cracow Fine Arts School. Matejko the collector – artist, treated very often these monumental objects as the painting requisites not only in his own artistic emprises but also in the works of students of The Krakow Academy of Art, which was headed by him in 1873–1893. The intention of Jan Matejko was the presentation of the collector’s set for broad audience. Currently this idea is being realized as the permanent museum exposition and temporary exhibitions.
(Nie)zwykłe podarunki w (nie)zwykłej codzienności Krasińskich
(Nie)zwykłe podarunki w (nie)zwykłej codzienności Krasińskich
((Un)usual gifts in the (un)usual everyday life of the Krasiński family)
- Author(s):Aldona Łyszkowska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:209-224
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Zygmunt Krasiński; Museum of Romanticism in Opinogóra; gifts; museum collections
- Summary/Abstract:The article focuses on the gifts which the closest family of the poet Zygmunt Krasiński used to give to each other. The souvenirs, which were carefully thought out, reflect the feelings, affection, respect, prestige, aristocratic pride, and even the ancestral conservatism. For the purposes of the paper, the voluminous family correspondence, Krasiński’s lyric poetry (poems offered as gifts were the poet’s specialty) and the collections exhibited in the Museum of Romanticism in Opinogóra were analysed. The 19th century gifts exchanged by the Krasińskis are a great source of information about their habits, mentality and relationships between the family members. From behind the souvenirs, there appear sentimental people, gifted with imagination and exquisite taste. Although most of the presents have not survived the vicissitudes of the family, some noteworthy souvenirs have been preserved in the museum collections and in literature.
W warmińskiej chacie i zagrodzie przełomu XIX i XX wieku – życie codzienne w świetle zbiorów Muzeum Warmińskiego Gospodarstwa (Muzyjum Warnijskygo Gburstwa) w Giławach
W warmińskiej chacie i zagrodzie przełomu XIX i XX wieku – życie codzienne w świetle zbiorów Muzeum Warmińskiego Gospodarstwa (Muzyjum Warnijskygo Gburstwa) w Giławach
(In a Warmian cottage and farmhouse at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries – everyday life in the light of the collection of the Warmian Farm Museum (Muzyjum Warnijskygo Gburstwa) in Giławy)
- Author(s):Izabela Lewandowska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:227-242
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Warmia; everyday life; ethnographic collections; museum
- Summary/Abstract:The article presents the everyday life of the Warmian population in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of the collections gathered in an original cottage in the village of Giławy. The cottage was built in 1880 in a village colony surrounded by forests and fields. In 2013, it houses the Museum of the Warmian Farm. The owners not only live in this house, but also search for its history. They collect souvenirs related to the home and everyday life of the rural population of Warmia. We can see there not only antique furniture in original interiors, but also the layout of the house integrated into the Warmian landscape. The article discusses a Warmia farmstead and a cottage as examples of traditional rural construction, as well as ethnographic collections – furnishings of residential rooms, kitchens, hallways and basements. The multitude of ethnographic material collected in the Museum allows you to get to know and imagine the former life of the inhabitants as if in a mirror.
Sekrety panieńskich pokoi. Przedmioty pożądania XIX-wiecznych nastolatek w świetle literatury poradnikowej
Sekrety panieńskich pokoi. Przedmioty pożądania XIX-wiecznych nastolatek w świetle literatury poradnikowej
(Secrets of the maiden rooms. Objects of desire of nineteenth-century teenagers based on handbook literature)
- Author(s):Kinga Raińska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:243-262
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:guides; miss; girls’ room; 19th century
- Summary/Abstract:Your own room is a place of rest, relaxation and study. It is a place where no one will disturb us, where you can think about everything in solitude and dream. No wonder that every girl’s dream is to have her own, even the smallest room. It was no different in the 19th century. Every teenager dreamed of independence and a quiet place just for themselves. It was customary in wealthy bourgeois houses to provide a separate room for a young lady who would soon start showing up in company and making contacts. The growing up maiden gave way to the rest of her siblings in the children’s rooms, and she gained a place adapted to her needs. Interestingly, the boys were treated the other way around. They had to share the space with their brothers until they left the family home. To this day, everyone wants to have some privacy, their own little world, where they can „enter” at any time in their life. And no matter what epoch you lived in, most girls dreamt of having a room where they could keep their treasures, souvenirs – things seemingly meaningless to someone, and priceless to themselves.
Wyprawa ślubna, ekspensy domu i podróży Józefy z hrabiów Potockich Ostrowskiej (1784–1859)
Wyprawa ślubna, ekspensy domu i podróży Józefy z hrabiów Potockich Ostrowskiej (1784–1859)
(Wedding expedition, home and travel expenses of Józefa Potocka Ostrowska (1784–1859))
- Author(s):Alicja Adamus, Karolina Studnicka-Mariańczyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:263-283
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:Józefa z Potockich Ostrowska; wedding expedition; household expenses; landowning family; 19th century
- Summary/Abstract:This article presents a biography of Józefa Ostrowska, a little-known figure of a dugout. There is no direct biography entirely devoted to Józef Ostrowska in the literature. The authors of the following text set it as their goal to fill the gap by presenting Józefa’s life paths. The second part of the article is an analysis of Józefa’s expenses related to her departure to Warsaw and Józefa’s dowry, which she received when she entered into a marriage with Wojciech Ostrowski. In the opinion of the authors, this analysis may bring the contemporary reader closer to the realities of the nineteenth-century gentry.
Świadkowie pobytu w Cytadeli, towarzysze zesłania. O rzeczach w otoczeniu więźniów
Świadkowie pobytu w Cytadeli, towarzysze zesłania. O rzeczach w otoczeniu więźniów
(Witnesses of the stay in the Citadel, companions of exile. About things around prisoners)
- Author(s):Jolanta Załęczny
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:287-311
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:X Pavilion; the tsarist prison; prison cell equipment; memories of prisoners; martyrdom
- Summary/Abstract:The 10th Pavilion is a place of martyrdom of the Polish nation. It is recalled by the preserved authentic prison interiors and the items stored in them that tell the stories of prisoners and inspire reflection on the past. They were witnesses of human experiences, testimony of events, carriers of emotions. Today they complement the historical narrative. Their presentation was enriched with excerpts from the memoirs of the prisoners of the 10th Pavilion, which made them more personal.
Tożsamość urzędniczego munduru w Imperium Rosyjskim w XIX wieku
Tożsamość urzędniczego munduru w Imperium Rosyjskim w XIX wieku
(The identity of an official uniform in the Russian Empire in the 19th century)
- Author(s):Jolanta Kowalik
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:313-327
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Tsarist officials; Russian Empire; official uniform; Table of Ranks
- Summary/Abstract:The official world was governed by its own internal rules. In the Russian Empire, all civil and military officials were bound by a unified system of state service covered by a 14-level table of ranks. The result of such a policy of power was, among other things, the pressure of promotion and the pursuit of further actions. One of the privileges of belonging to the civil service was to wear a uniform appropriate to the place of work. It was an essential element in the overall image of the 19th century official. The aim of the article will be to reflect on the aspect of man’s attachment to the uniform, his importance in the deed environment – sometimes an obsessive desire to have it, and sometimes treating it as a troublesome excess, because its maintenance was not always possible, especially for a group of poorer administrative workers. The source base for the analysis of the issue is, besides legal acts and memuars, 19th century Russian literature, which perfectly reflects the „climate” of the bureaucratic world of Tsarist Russia.
Sic transit gloria mundi – krypty wybranych rodów ziemiańskich południowej Wielkopolski
Sic transit gloria mundi – krypty wybranych rodów ziemiańskich południowej Wielkopolski
(Sic transit gloria mundi – crypts of selected southern landscapes of the Southern Wielkopolska)
- Author(s):Emilian Prałat
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:331-353
- No. of Pages:23
- Keywords:crypts; gentry; Wielkopolska; coffins; Brodnica; Głuchowo; Łęki Wielkie
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of the article is to present the history of selected crypts of the gentry families of southern Wielkopolska: Brodnica (belonging to the Koźmian and Chłapowski families); Głuchowo (Żółtowski family); Łęki Wielkie (Kęszycki family). The text takes up the topic of the typology of crypts, their creation and expansion, the variety of forms, decoration of coffins, artistic expression, symbolic and cultural meaning. The specificity of Wielkopolska crypts is associated with a very strong sense of attachment to the family property, therefore establishing ancestral necropolises served to strengthen the emotional ties with the region. In selected cases, the construction of the crypts was of prestigious importance, as in the case of the Koźmianów crypt in Brodnica, which was located near the burial of the creator of the Polish anthem, Józef Wybicki. The crypt, as a special form of a cemetery, has grown into multiple associations that are subject to modification. The contextual background for the analyzes is the tradition of funeral patriotic and anniversary celebrations widespread in Wielkopolska in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The places analyzed in the text belong to families that are unrelated and relatively distant from each other. However, they testify to the existence of a common funeral pattern. The fact that two of the three crypts have been used continuously since the beginning of the 19th century proves the durability of the tradition of this type of burial.
Cmentarz opinogórski. Ślady ludzkich życiorysów
Cmentarz opinogórski. Ślady ludzkich życiorysów
(The Cemetery in Opinogóra. Traces of human resumes)
- Author(s):Wojciech Jerzy Górczyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, 19th Century
- Page Range:355-383
- No. of Pages:29
- Keywords:Wincenty Krasiński; Opinogóra; church building; epitaph; mausoleum
- Summary/Abstract:Funeral rites are one of the cultural attributes of death. They may have private, almost intimate character or involve a public ceremonial. The cemetery combines both of them: it is a public and a private place at the same time. As a publicly accessible space, cemetery is also a place where we can visit the graves of our close family and friends in complete privacy and in the atmosphere of silent contemplation. Graves are a material trace of the dead. They help us keep the memory of those who passed away. No wonder, some of the sepulchral decorations are works of art. This is also true for the cemetery in Opinogóra, which was established in the 1820s. The tomb sculptures were created by renowned artists like Józef Czerwiński (student of the outstanding sculptor Pawel Maliński). The historic tombs are stark and modest in character, and nowadays they are admired just for this simplicity. Even the ones which are most interesting in form are not sumptuous and draw on apparently simple imagery. The memorial park in Opinogóra is also famous for the crypts of the Krasiński counts, heirs of the Opinogóra estate. Among the most notable ones are: the marble sepulchral statue of countess Maria Urszula Krasińska née Radziwiłł, sculpted by the Italian artist Luigi Pampaloni in 1841, the marble epitaph to Zygmunt Kraisiński’s sons, executed in 1875 by the Italian artist Jules Franceschini, and the epitaph to countess Amelia Załuska née Bronikowska, created by Konstanty Laszczka in 1899.
