Priručnik kritike
Criticism Manual
Contributor(s): Marjan Ivković (Editor), Željko Radinković (Editor)
Subject(s): History of Philosophy, Epistemology, Pragmatism, Structuralism and Post-Structuralism, Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Ontology
Published by: Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju
Keywords: Fundamental concepts; Semantic richness; Critical thinking; Judgment and discernment; Historical development of critique; Filological critique; Normative inquiry; Political implications; Critical reflection; Interdisciplinary approach
Summary/Abstract: Basic concepts in the humanities and social sciences are often characterized by a certain semantic redundancy, the possibility of constantly infusing new meanings into a certain concept, as the most diverse actors recognize it as a determinant that significantly defines their actions and accordingly modify its existing meaning, i.e. articulate more one of its variations. That process, however, does not result in the meaninglessness and dissolution of the term itself — reaching the point where there would no longer be any "family resemblances" in the content of its numerous variations — but, on the contrary, in its enrichment...
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-82324-46-1
- Page Count: 601
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: Serbian
Dijalog i kritika
Dijalog i kritika
(Dialogue and Criticism)
- Author(s):Željko Radinković, Ivan Nišavić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy, Epistemology
- Page Range:15-38
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Ancient Greek philosophy; Dialogue in philosophy; Plato's dialogues; Cicero; Saint Augustine; Denis Diderot; David Hume; Friedrich Schelling; Paul Feyerabend; Iris Murdoch; Philosophical truth; Explic
- Summary/Abstract:Philosophy has historically been explored through dialogue, beginning with ancient Greek thought, notably in Plato's dialogues, and later used by thinkers such as Cicero, Saint Augustine, Diderot, Hume, Schelling, and modern authors like Feyerabend and Murdoch. Beyond its form, the dialogic nature of philosophy itself is a deeper question, emphasizing the processual and mediated aspects of philosophical argumentation and truth. This connection is evident in Plato's "Socratic dialogues" and is further developed in modern concepts like Gadamer's Philosophical Hermeneutics, Buber's theory of intersubjectivity, and Habermas' concept of free communication. These approaches highlight a distinction between dialogic and monologic methods of philosophical inquiry, particularly in the discovery of truth.
Prosvetiteljska kritika
Prosvetiteljska kritika
(Enlightenment Criticism)
- Author(s):Predrag Krstić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Epistemology, Early Modern Philosophy, Pragmatism, Philosophy of Science, Phenomenology, Ontology
- Page Range:39-69
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:Enlightenment; Critique;Rationality; Pierre Bayle; Jean Le Clerc; Baruch Spinoza; Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle; Voltaire; Denis Diderot; Critique of Tradition; John Locke; Public Debate; Intellectu
- Summary/Abstract:Although "Enlightenment" and "critique" may seem self-explanatory and redundant at first glance, a closer examination reveals their complex, evolving meanings in the context of modernity. This dual perspective highlights how the Enlightenment era redefined critique as a rational tool for challenging tradition, deconstructing myths, and fostering an intellectual revolution across philosophy, history, and science.
Transcendentalna kritika
Transcendentalna kritika
(Transcendental Criticism)
- Author(s):Igor Cvejić, Olga Nikolić, Željko Radinković
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):19th Century Philosophy, German Idealism
- Page Range:71-98
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:Transcendental Critique; Immanuel Kant; Transcendental Philosophy; Critique of Metaphysics; A Priori Knowledge; Wilhelm Dilthey; Edmund Husserl
- Summary/Abstract:In this chapter, we will outline the development of the transcendental-critical approach in philosophy, starting with Kant's critical enterprise, which lays the foundation for transcendental philosophy by returning to the question of the constitutive conditions of the possibility of experience. Transcendental criticism was taken in new directions by neo-Kantians, Wilhelm Dilthey and Edmund Husserl, raising issues of criticism of scientific knowledge, separation of natural and spiritual sciences based on essential methodological differences (criticism of positivism, naturalism, psychologism...) and an adequate method for foundation of sciences. The sections dedicated to them also map the transformations of the transcendental method through its application to new fields, efforts for its adequate foundation, but also discrepancies in the way of understanding and applying the transcendental method. Finally, the limits of the transcendental approach, which become visible in Heidegger's (Martin Heidegger) philosophy, are discussed, offering a critical review of the possibilities and limitations of transcendental philosophy in understanding human existence and experience.
Kritički racionalizam
Kritički racionalizam
(Critical Rationalism)
- Author(s):Predrag Krstić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Epistemology, Political Philosophy
- Page Range:99-126
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:Critical rationalism; Karl Popper; Political point of view; Scientific objectivity; Argumentation; Tolerance; Irrationalism; Freedom of thought; Democratic reforms
- Summary/Abstract:"Critical rationalism" is the code by which Karl Popper defined his own theoretical — and not only theoretical — position. It was conceived as an epistemological, as well as a political standpoint, which could not only affirm and testify to Popper's effort to connect the philosophy of science and the theory of society in a coherent way, but also to enable their joint foundation with his own contribution.
Istorijsko-materijalistička kritika
Istorijsko-materijalistička kritika
(Historical-materialist Criticism)
- Author(s):Đorđe Hristov, Mark Losoncz, Ivica Mladenović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy
- Page Range:127-155
- No. of Pages:29
- Keywords:Criticism; Marxism; Dialectic; Revolution; Praxis; Materialism; Political economy
- Summary/Abstract:Although the demand for criticality among social scientists and philosophers is presented as part of a professional calling, Karl Marx is, along with Immanuel Kant and Pierre Bourdieu, probably the most influential social thinker whose entire intellectual oeuvre is immanently marked by the term criticism. Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law, Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Critique of the Gothic Program, Capital: Critique of Political Economy, as well as the first co-authored work with Friedrich Engels, The Holy Family or Critique of Critical Criticism, are just some of the titles of his books. although each of his works contains a specific critical model in relation to a specific issue, as well as the period of creation. Because, as shown by certain Marxists (Renault 1999: 181), the concept of criticism is polysemic in Marx, that is, it concerns: the goals of the discourse — when he criticizes other discourses that legitimize the established order; forms of discourse — when criticism is opposed to non-critical, dogmatic or doctrinal approaches; of discourse content — opposing critical political economy to traditional classical economy; finally, criticism is also applied in the domain of praxis — in the context of criticism of practice...
Škola sumnje
Škola sumnje
(School of Doubt)
- Author(s):Igor Cvejić, Đorđe Hristov, Predrag Krstić, Andrea Perunović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy, Marxism, Hermeneutics
- Page Range:157-189
- No. of Pages:33
- Keywords:School of Doubt; Interpretation Strategy; Radical Critique; Hermeneutics; Demystification; Genealogy of Morals; Ideology Theory; Unconscious Interpretation
- Summary/Abstract:"School of doubt" is a phrase of Paul Ricoeur, by which he means a type or strategy of interpretation that applies doubt and "reduces the illusions and lies of consciousness". As its "masters" and "teachers", he names three thinkers, "seemingly incompatible with each other": Marx (Karl Marx), Nietzsche (Friedrich Nietzsche) and Freud (Sigmund Freud). Namely, in their always different applications of doubt, there is no single method of demystification, but their commonality is reflected, according to Riker, in a radical opposition to "the phenomenology of the sacred and the whole hermeneutics, understood as gathering meaning and as the memory of being" (Riker 2010: 42-43, 45). According to this interpretation, the great interpreters share, albeit in different registers, the same "intention" or "decision" — to "first consider consciousness as a whole as a 'false' consciousness", to get to the heart of the Cartesian fortress of consciousness, which remains unsuspected while doubting in all the things that are shown to her, she introduces doubt: "After doubting the thing, we moved on to doubting consciousness" (Riker 2010: 43).
Kritička teorija društva
Kritička teorija društva
(Critical theory of society)
- Author(s):Filip Balunović, Marjan Ivković , Nataša Šmelc
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy
- Page Range:191-230
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Critical theory; humanities; social sciences
- Summary/Abstract:Today, there is hardly a more controversial and ambiguous name that refers to a tradition of thought than critical theory. What is critical theory, where are its limits, what is its differentia specifica compared to other directions? All these legitimate questions that we ask in connection with different theoretical directions in the humanities and social sciences take on the character of essential doubts in the case of critical theory. Is — if we go to one extreme — critical social theory any theoretical perspective that criticizes capitalism (or more broadly, the "status quo") from "left" positions (however the latter is understood)? Or, if we go to the opposite extreme, we could conclude that the name deserves only the so-called The "original" Frankfurt School, a group of authors associated with the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt from the 1930s to the 1960s? Any introduction to critical theory inevitably implies a certain amount of "constructivism" on the part of the introducers themselves — they have to significantly construct the very object of their analysis.
Feministička kritika znanja
Feministička kritika znanja
(Feminist critique of knowledge)
- Author(s):Aleksandra Knežević, Katarina Lončarević, Adriana Zaharijević
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy
- Page Range:231-261
- No. of Pages:31
- Keywords:Feminist; theory of knowledge; knowledge
- Summary/Abstract:In the introduction to Feminist Epistemologies (1993), Linda Alcoff and Elizabeth Potter argue that from the perspective of traditional philosophy, the connection between feminism and the theory of knowledge is a kind of contradiction, even an oxymoron. If it is crucial for a theory of knowledge to establish criteria by which to arrive at a certain objective and value-neutral knowledge of the world, then it is really an oxymoron, since feminist approaches to knowledge imply bias—moreover, they aim to show it where it is by definition taken to be unquestionably absent. In a feminist critique of knowledge, rationality is not abstract and it is not unimportant who is the one who knows or seeks to know. A feminist approach to knowledge also does not take the "world" as an entity that is strictly separate from the knowers and the rules on the basis of which knowledge is established. Thus, if the modern theory of knowledge begins in a room with a fireplace, when Renatus Cartesius "deprived his mind of all cares, procured for himself a safe leisure, isolated in seclusion", finding time to "seriously and freely" devote himself "to the complete overthrow of his earlier opinions" (Descartes 1998: 15), from a feminist perspective it becomes of fundamental importance whether knowledge arises in such isolated and individual projects and whether abstract rationality, which has become convinced that her senses are not lying to her, that she is not dreaming and that the deus deceptor is not deceiving her, is actually possible at all.
Gospodari i robovi: kritika zasnovana na klasi, rasi i rodu
Gospodari i robovi: kritika zasnovana na klasi, rasi i rodu
(Masters and Slaves: A Critique Based on Class, Race, and Gender)
- Author(s):Đorđe Hristov, Adriana Zaharijević, Zona Zarić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy
- Page Range:263-294
- No. of Pages:32
- Keywords:Class; Race; Gender
- Summary/Abstract:Immanuel Kant (Immanuel Kant) in one sentence formulates the "most difficult problem" that, according to him, humanity faces: "If he lives with other members of his race, man is an animal that must have a master [einen Herrn nöthig hat]" (Kant 1923a: 23). The problem consists in the fact that the master himself is a man, which leads to the endless regression of the "search for the master". For Kant, however, it is an axiom that man must have a master, because the idea of mastery is inseparable from the question of man's social existence, and therefore from the question of the nature of the human being. While Rousseau (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) in the natural state still saw in man an independent animal that does not know social connections, as a result of which there is no master in that state, according to Kant, man is always already social in character, which makes the problem of mastery implicit in every project of criticism of social relations. If this is taken into account, an important question arises — how can criticism respond to Kant's enlightening appeal that commands us to dare to leave the state of self-inflicted immaturity (Kant 1923b: 35), if social life cannot be ordered and conducted in the absence of a master. That this problem is one of the most difficult faced by humanity is seen in the fact that the figure of the master, as well as the closely related figure of the slave, will play a central role in the history of modern criticism. While for ancient thinkers the figure of the master was self-evident, because slavery was considered a consequence of the natural difference between people, Enlightenment thought will pose this question in such a way that it remains unresolved even today, following Kant's prediction.
Kritika u strukturalizmu i poststrukturalizmu
Kritika u strukturalizmu i poststrukturalizmu
(Criticism in structuralism and poststructuralism)
- Author(s):Aleksandar Ostojić, Milan A. Urošević, Andrea Perunović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy, Structuralism and Post-Structuralism
- Page Range:295-330
- No. of Pages:36
- Keywords:poststructuralism; structuralism ; Critique
- Summary/Abstract:It is difficult to find a direction of thought that in such a short period achieved a significant impact, giving a large number of thinkers who, without precedent, we can say marked the life of the world intellectual scene in the fifties and sixties of the last century, as when it comes to structuralism. The reasons for such a sudden success of structuralism should be sought in the fact that it encompassed within itself extremely heteronomous actions, directions and schools of thought, which often led to justified confusion over its meaning (Foucault 2010: 319), and made any attempt at its systematization or historical situating even more difficult.
Postkolonijalna kritika
Postkolonijalna kritika
(Postcolonial critique)
- Author(s):Damir G. Zejnulahović, Đorđe Hristov
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics, Philosophy, Governance
- Page Range:331-354
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Postcolonialism; Decolonization; Ambivalence; Critique
- Summary/Abstract:The phrase postcolonial critique contains an ambivalence that lies in the very relationship between postcolonialism and the endeavor of critique. The term postcolonial refers to what comes after—the condition following the decolonization of European territories in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. On the one hand, decolonization is a historical fact that encompasses the period after World War II, when many colonies gained independence from their Western rulers. But as Achille Mbembe points out, although the term is often treated as part of a historical, geopolitical, and economic process of establishing new nation-states, the philosophical understanding of decolonization cannot be reduced to dates and historical facts (Mbembe 2021: 43).
Poreklo i priroda kritičkog u kritičkom realizmu
Poreklo i priroda kritičkog u kritičkom realizmu
(The origin and nature of the critical in critical realism)
- Author(s):Milica Resanović, Srđan Prodanović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy, Structuralism and Post-Structuralism
- Page Range:354-383
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:Ontological Stratification; Epistemological Relativism; Generative Mechanisms; Retroduction; Dialectic
- Summary/Abstract:Critical realism represents a relatively heterogeneous direction in the philosophy of (social) sciences that arose in the middle of the last century as one of the variations of the so-called postpositivism. The main idea of critical realists is reflected in the effort to develop a specific type of metatheory about social reality that will be equally distant from both "postmodern relativism" and positivist reductionism. One of the basic assumptions is that a valid understanding of the subject of social sciences requires a specific leap in the level of abstraction, since many properties of the social world cannot be so easily quantified and fit into the research procedure, but equally cannot be subsumed under discursive strategies that are subject to infinite interpretation according to the historical circumstances and power relations that exist in a given society. The reason for this complexity lies primarily in the fact that the terms usually used by social scientists — such as social structure, class, capital, power, agency, etc. — have, according to the opinion of critical realists, an existence that is independent of the actor, but which at the same time is shaped by the actor's action, which is inevitably, at least partially, based on the historically situated interpretation of those same social phenomena.
Kritički aspekti pragmatizma: između opravdanja i ironije
Kritički aspekti pragmatizma: između opravdanja i ironije
(Critical Aspects of Pragmatism: Between Justification and Irony)
- Author(s):Srđan Prodanović, Aleksandra Knežević
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Pragmatism, Structuralism and Post-Structuralism
- Page Range:385-419
- No. of Pages:35
- Keywords:Pragmatism; Practical Consequences; Collective Knowledge; Epistemological Critique; Holism; Reconstruction
- Summary/Abstract:Pragmatism is a direction in philosophy and social theory that focuses on concrete problems that we as actors encounter in our daily experience and to that extent insists that the foundation of true claims must be based on the practical consequences of adopting those statements that we justifiably believe can be characterized as true. Pragmatism arose towards the end of the 19th century in the United States, and the founders of the direction are Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, John Dewey and George Herbert Mead. During their rich history, authors who advocated pragmatic viewpoints engaged in a whole series of productive debates with other important philosophical directions and approaches, such as analytical philosophy, hermeneutics, deconstructivism and critical theory.
Jezičko-pragmatička kritika
Jezičko-pragmatička kritika
(Linguistic-pragmatic Critique)
- Author(s):Marjan Ivković , Ana Lipij
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Epistemology, Pragmatism, Structuralism and Post-Structuralism
- Page Range:421-463
- No. of Pages:43
- Keywords:Linguistic Pragmatism; Epistemological Critique; Reductionism; Holism; Communicative Action;
- Summary/Abstract:In this chapter, we will deal with a line of thought that had a significant impact in twentieth-century philosophy and social theory—the linguistic-pragmatic approach, that is, linguistic-pragmatic criticism. We define this tradition as "critical", i.e. as a significant variety of understanding and practicing criticism in the humanities and social sciences, because its modus operandi corresponds to the strict, Kantian sense of the term criticism — insight into the conditions of the possibility of human knowledge, that is, the human world in general. Namely, the linguistic-pragmatic approach places the phenomenon of spoken language, i.e. the practical use of language, in its center and, as we will see, finds in it a foundation for criticizing various positions in philosophy and social theory that we could define as "reductionist" in the broadest sense.
Kritička sociologija
Kritička sociologija
(Critical Sociology)
- Author(s):Ivica Mladenović, Dušanka Milosavljević, Zona Zarić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy, Sociology
- Page Range:465-494
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:Orthodox vs. Heterodox Sociology; Value Neutrality; Critical Sociology; Scientific Objectivity
- Summary/Abstract:When it comes to the attitude towards criticism, the entire history of sociology can be summarized by establishing a dichotomy: orthodox versus heterodox sociology. This division is neither new nor excessively original, nor is it characteristic of sociology as only one of the social sciences and humanities. As noted by the Canadian and French sociologist Marcel Rioux (Rioux 1969: 54), Léon Brunschvicg is, for example, distinguished between "sociologists of order" and "sociologists of progress", Pitirim Sorokin (Pitirim Sorokin) between "analytical" and "synthetic sociology", and he himself derives the division into "critical" and "aseptic sociology".1 The foundation of the aforementioned two sociological approaches to social reality is their functional relationship to the dominant order, and two classics, Karl Marx and Max Weber, stand out as figure-models, that is, on the one hand, Marx's Eleventh Thesis on Feuerbach, in which he insists that until his time philosophers only interpreted the world differently, but that it is necessary to work on changing it, and, on the other hand, Weber's concept of Wertfreiheit, which postulates that sociology must "free itself from valuation."
Kritičke studije diskursa
Kritičke studije diskursa
(Critical Discourse Studies)
- Author(s):Marija Mandić, Ana Kuzmanović Jovanović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy
- Page Range:495-535
- No. of Pages:41
- Keywords:social power; Ideology; Discourse; Interdisciplinarity
- Summary/Abstract:Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) is an interdisciplinary approach that examines how discourse shapes, maintains, or challenges social inequality and power structures. Rooted in critical social theory and linguistics, CDS emphasizes that language use is a form of social practice that reflects and transforms society, aiming to uncover power dynamics and promote justice and equality. Despite methodological diversity, CDS shares foundational principles such as the interdependence of discourse and society, the historical and ideological nature of discourse, and a commitment to critical, problem-oriented analysis.
Šta se zbiva posle? O postkritici i akritičkim perspektivama
Šta se zbiva posle? O postkritici i akritičkim perspektivama
(What happens afterwards? On post-criticism and uncritical perspectives)
- Author(s):Stefan S. Janković
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Philosophy
- Page Range:537-578
- No. of Pages:42
- Keywords:Postcritique; Critique Fatigue; Hermeneutics of Suspicion; Ontological Turn;
- Summary/Abstract:Held in the midst of a vigorous US campaign, popularly called the "war on terror", a lecture by Bruno Latour at Stanford University was soon printed as an essay with a rather provocative title and would turn out to have an unusually large resonance for social theory. The central idea of this essay, on the other hand, was neither geopolitics nor religious fundamentalism, although Latour (Bruno Latour) spoke about the "metaphorical atmosphere of time" embodied in militarization, which, obviously, did not bypass contemporary humanities or social sciences. "Should we be at war, too, we scientists, intellectuals? Is it really our duty to add fresh rubble to fields of rubble? Is it really the task of the humanities to add deconstruction to destruction?" (Latour 2004: 225), questions Latour. The confusion that the French sociologist and anthropologist addressed concerned the hasty academic habits of criticism, disassembly and preparation for new dangers, tasks and targets.
