Sačuvaj nas Bože rata, kuge, gladi i velike trešnje. Dubrovnik kroz krize, sukobe i solidarnosti
Help us God against war, plague, famine and the great earthquake
Contributor(s): Gordan Ravančić (Editor)
Subject(s): Christian Theology and Religion, Physical Geopgraphy, Diplomatic history, Economic history, Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Political history, Health and medicine and law, 13th to 14th Centuries, 17th Century, 18th Century, Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), Peace and Conflict Studies
Published by: Hrvatski institut za povijest
Keywords: Dubrovnik; history; crisis; solidarity;
Summary/Abstract: Collection of papers from the session on the history of Dubrovnik and its historical crises, held at the 5th Congress of Croatian Historians.
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-953-7840-72-3
- Page Count: 156
- Publication Year: 2018
- Language: Croatian, Serbian
Grad kao solidarna zajednica: što povezuje gradove Lübeck i Dubrovnik?
Grad kao solidarna zajednica: što povezuje gradove Lübeck i Dubrovnik?
(The city as a solidary community: What links the cities of Lübeck and Dubrovnik?)
- Author(s):Ludwig Steindorff
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Historical Geography, Comparative history, Local History / Microhistory, Political history, Middle Ages
- Page Range:3-10
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Dubrovnik; Lübeck; crisis; solidarity; communities; Adriatic; Baltic;
- Summary/Abstract:In this essay I compare the cities of Lübeck and Dubrovnik on the basis of different criteria: geographical position, age, size of the city and the population, urban topography and ecclesiastical structures. Notwithstanding many clear differences, Lübeck and Dubrovnik show numerous identical structural traits: the forming of the commune and the urban council, the building of representative town halls, and the presence of the mendicant orders. The common characteristics of cities on the Adriatic and the Baltic seas follow from the structural assimilation of the cities in the sphere of the Western Church in the High Middle Ages independently of the age of these cities. The more we learn about these cities, the better we recognize how the character of the cities as solidary communities was already formed in the High Middle Ages. The comparison of cities is one of the contributions to the integration of Europe in the mind of its citizens.
- Price: 4.90 €
Crna smrt 1348. godine u Dubrovniku - godina krize i solidarnosti?
Crna smrt 1348. godine u Dubrovniku - godina krize i solidarnosti?
(Black Death in Dubrovnik in 1348 - Year of crisis and solidarity?)
- Author(s):Gordan Ravančić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Local History / Microhistory, Government/Political systems, Security and defense, Health and medicine and law, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:11-34
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Dubrovnik; Croatia; Black Death; Adriatic; plague; 1348;
- Summary/Abstract:The plague epidemic/pandemic in the mid-fourteenth century – commonly known as the Black Death – consumed almost the entire European continent in just a few years. Although its spread and causes are fairly well elaborated in existing literature, the extent of the epidemic’s reach in the historical Croatian lands and neighboring medieval Hungary has been less investigated. Still, extant sources from the medieval commune of Dubrovnik (later the Republic of Dubrovnik) provide enough material for a partial reconstruction of events regarding the arrival of disease in the city, reaction of the local authorities, and the course of events during the epidemic. Even though the epidemic of 1348 only lasted for several months in Dubrovnik, extant sources reveal that it left some deep marks in the social tissue of the city, and had at least a temporarily harsh effect on the economic well-being of contemporary Dubrovnik. Namely, since contemporary citizens of Dubrovnik could not comprehend the causes of the misfortune that struck the city, nor did they have an “effective” cure, their local authorities reacted quite reasonably and pragmatically. Since mortality caused by the epidemic instigated a significant administrative slowdown, and some of the healthy inhabitants wanted to escape from the infected city, Dubrovnik authorities produced a series of important – mostly palliative – normative measures, aiming to maintain order within the city and to overcome the troubles that burdened its subjects. At the same time, common people, facing a sudden and probable death, tried to ensure safe passage of their souls to the “other world” by writing their last wills, which today provide an excellent source in reconstructing a social change of medieval Dubrovnik. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent the epidemic of 1348 was an acute disruption or the beginning of a long-term crisis concerning social change and economic development. Moreover, the investigation of the extant sources will try to give answers to the question of whether this calamity provoked and caused any kind of institutional and personal solidarity among citizens of medieval Dubrovnik.
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Solidarnost u doba krize: rimski kardinal „zaštitnik” i Dubrovačka Republika tijekom velikih izazova 17. stoljeća
Solidarnost u doba krize: rimski kardinal „zaštitnik” i Dubrovačka Republika tijekom velikih izazova 17. stoljeća
(Solidarity in the Age of Crisis: The Roman Cardinal “Protector” and the Dubrovnik Republic during the Great Challenges of the 17th Century)
- Author(s):Nikša Varezić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, Diplomatic history, Political history, Government/Political systems, International relations/trade, Politics and religion, 17th Century
- Page Range:35-76
- No. of Pages:42
- Keywords:Dubrovnik Republic; Roman Curia; Post Tridentine Papacy; Cardinal “protector”; Francesco Barberini; Candian War; ius patronatus; ius nominatus; Ragion di Stato;
- Summary/Abstract:The institution of the cardinal “protector” represented a link between the various subjects (nations, cities, ecclesiastical orders, etc.) and the Roman Curia, wherein that high-ranking cleric supported the interests of the citizens he represented as his “clients”. Since the Middle Ages, Dubrovnik had been developing intimate relationships with Rome, which were not only ecclesiastical. The geostrategic position of Dubrovnik was of great importance to the Roman Curia, especially due to the opportunities that Dubrovnik could provide to Rome within broader geopolitical interests. Such a geographic position required the constant caution of the Dubrovnik government, always focused on the Holy See, upon whose protection within western international politics the Dubrovnik Republic could always rely. The seventeenth century was a period of intensive struggle for the preservation of the political and economic integrity of Dubrovnik. Seicento represented a very difficult period of foreign pressures for Papal Rome, so it was even harder for the Dubrovnik Senate to attract the attention of the Curia. Along with the traditional diplomatic perseverance of the Republic, the extraordinary engagement of Dubrovnik’s patron, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, contributed to the maintenance of the centuries-old sensibility of the Holy See towards the needs of the Republic of St. Blaise. This fact seems to be even more significant since it refers to a particularly dramatic period of the Canadian War and the period after the Great Earthquake of 1667. Due to the all the temptations that confronted the Holy See within international politics in the same period, it would be difficult to expect that Rome could be focused on Dubrovnik’s requests. But, thanks to the engagement of Cardinal Barberini, among others, the final outcome proved to be contrary to such an expectation.
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Dubrovnik i zaleđe u Morejskom ratu: sukobi i solidarnost
Dubrovnik i zaleđe u Morejskom ratu: sukobi i solidarnost
(Dubrovnik and the Hinterland in the Morean War: Conflicts and Solidarities)
- Author(s):Nikola Samardžić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Military history, Government/Political systems, International relations/trade, Comparative politics, 17th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:77-90
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Morean War; Dubrovnik; Venice; Ottoman Empire; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro;
- Summary/Abstract:The Morean war between Venice and the Ottoman Empire took place along the historic margins of the Great Vienna War (1683-1699). The echoes from the central battlefields were highly important in the Dubrovnik Republic’s struggle for future autonomy, sometimes even survival. From that local perspective, the Morean war was a challenging repetition of the previous Candian (Cretan) war. Neighboring conflicts particularly directed the Dubrovnik Republic to pursue more active relations with the hinterland, as Venetian interests and influence were spreading in Boka Kotorska and Herzegovina, and in the north all the way to the mouth of the Neretva river (Klek). The Venetian Republic sought to become a single neighboring geopolitical entity that would encircle Dubrovnik, instead of the Ottoman Empire, and take control over Dubrovnik’s economy and its connections with the depths of the Balkans and the Danube region. During the war, Dubrovnik was forced to adapt rapidly to changes in the hinterland. New aspects of mutual cooperation, solidarity or hostility had been established. Tradesmen, spies and field informants had submitted reports that allowed the government to provide precise insights into every important detail from Herzegovina, Montenegro and Boka, from Mostar, Sarajevo and business centers in the depths of the hinterland, about the movements of regular troops and banditism, moods and misunderstandings of local Turkish and Venetian authorities, road safety, natural disasters and epidemiological conditions. The Dubrovnik territory, its subjects and its trade were also threatened from the sea. Regardless of the differences in interests and an unclear position in relations between the Holy League and Turkey, Dubrovnik urged Venice to respect the needs and principles of free trade. The Candian and Morean wars took place within the context of small, sometimes isolated conflicts, which, in a complex historical rift, determined the drama of everyday life. Ottoman conquests of the eastern Mediterranean at the expense of Venice, shook the entire cross-border zone in the Adriatic hinterland. The long duration of the border conflict left deep scars on the local communities, triggered migration, required adaptation, shaped living conditions, the economy and mentalities. Uncertainties, shortages, and struggle for survival were the basic forms of life along the borders. The Candian and Morean wars were conducted in a series of mostly particular individual events, with small numbers of participants, and these incidents are easier to list than to be considered in a clear continuity, but the Dubrovnik hinterland experienced every conflict in a sense of an important, sometimes fatal, often traumatic incident. The Morean war was also a long-term struggle for the survival of Dubrovnik and its liberties. Everyday reports from the hinterland had become equally important to those who were coming from the prestigious capitals as Istanbul, Vienna, Venice or Rome.
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Sudbina samostana i redovnica nakon potresa 1667. godine
Sudbina samostana i redovnica nakon potresa 1667. godine
(The Destiny of Dubrovnik nunneries after the Earthquake of 1667)
- Author(s):Minela Fulurija Vučić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, Physical Geopgraphy, Local History / Microhistory, Government/Political systems, Security and defense, Victimology, 17th Century
- Page Range:91-105
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:nuns; nunneries; Dubrovnik; Earthquake of 1667;
- Summary/Abstract:On April 6th, 1667, Dubrovnik was hit by a disastrous earthquake. Seven nunneries were destroyed in the earthquake and the eighth, the Convent of St. Peter and Paul, burnt down in a fire that broke out as a consequence of the earthquake. The data on the number of casualties are contradictory; therefore, so are the data on the number of casualties among the nuns. Due to the vast number of casualties suffered by the nunneries and nuns, there was the issue of their fate after the earthquake. Archbishop Torres took advantage of the temporary absence of authority and decided to leave for Ancona together with the nuns. In his report on the journey he claimed that he had arrived at this decision because he deemed the nuns vulnerable as the government was not able to provide them with adequate accommodation and the necessary enclosure. However, one might argue that the archbishop, in making this decision, was actually more worried about himself than the nuns. As he was a representative of the head of the Church, should he not have stayed and provided spiritual comfort to the suffering population, especially, as he himself states in his report, because the survivors among the people were happy to see him alive? What prevailed was probably the fact that Archbishop Torres, just like any other foreign archbishop, was not satisfied with his post and had not been able to fully integrate in the town or with its people, the majority of which did not speak Italian. Maybe the fact that someone needed to take care of the nuns who had survived was his perfect excuse to leave the Republic. Although the nuns were extremely well received in Ancona and were opposed to an instant return home, the government wanted to bring them back as soon as possible. Apart from the intimate feelings of concern for their daughters, sisters and aunts, there were economic reasons that motivated the government as well. Nunneries had great shares in Italian banks and as long as the nuns were in Ancona the interest payments, which the government wanted to use for the reconstruction of the convents, were suspended. Patriotism may also have been a motivation for a quickest possible return of the nuns as the government wanted to have the nuns on their own ground, thereby showing that the earthquake had shaken them, but had not destroyed their ability to look after their citizens. Their eventual hurry in bringing back the nuns, whom they had, at first, accommodated at the Franciscan monastery in Ston, is also documented by the letters the nuns sent them, in which they mostly complained about the poor accommodation and food.
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Liječnici i odnos države prema liječničkoj službi u Dubrovniku u 18. stoljeću
Liječnici i odnos države prema liječničkoj službi u Dubrovniku u 18. stoljeću
(Physicians and Dubrovnik authorities’ attitude towards medical services in the 18th century)
- Author(s):Irena Ipšić, Ivana Lazarević
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Local History / Microhistory, Government/Political systems, Health and medicine and law, 18th Century
- Page Range:107-126
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Dubrovnik; physicians; medical services; 18th century;
- Summary/Abstract:Medical services (physicians and surgeons) and the organization of public health care in Dubrovnik can be traced throughout extant sources already available from 1280 onwards. Dubrovnik authorities had tried to employ at least one physician and one surgeon at the time. Moreover, from the fifteenth century on, Dubrovnik usually employed two of both professions, and later even more than two, especially during epidemics. Up to the fifteenth century these physicians usually were of Italian origin, and later many of them originated from Dubrovnik or surrounding lands, and it was not uncommon that Dubrovnik authorities had financed their education. Up until then, the process of hiring physicians was not thoroughly investigated in our historiography, and similarly we do not know much about the length of their services, their income, reputation, or the level of their integration in the local community (if they were of foreign origin). Therefore, one of the goals of this paper is to investigate the contracts these physicians signed with the Dubrovnik authorities, to determine how the Dubrovnik authorities treated these physicians and surgeons, and whether there was any difference in the attitude regarding their place of origin. Data extracted from the contracts was compared with the other information about the economic and social circumstances in Dubrovnik during the eighteenth century. Moreover, the authors determined the relation be-tween the income of the physicians and the list of their duties and prescribed medical services. By the same token, the authors claim that these physicians and their medical services established a kind of integrational factor between Dubrovnik and its hinterland, since local rulers of the Dubrovnik hinterland often asked for services from Dubrovnik physicians.
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