Formy mocarstwowości we współczesnym świecie – studium przypadków
Forms of Power in Contemporary World – Case Studies
Contributor(s): Magdalena Marczuk-Karbownik (Editor), Karol Żakowski (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Economic policy, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Keywords: power; foreign policy; international relations
Summary/Abstract: The monograph analyzes the military, economic and political power of selected countries. It contains case studies especially on those actors of international relations who either aspire to the role of great powers or have come to terms with their rank of "middle power". The potential of the European Union or India predestines them to strive for a place among the most significant actors on the international arena. Japan, Canada and South Korea, in turn, being aware of the limits of their power, focus rather on strengthening the existing international order or balancing between great powers.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-302-3
- Page Count: 166
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: Polish
Wstęp
Wstęp
(Introduction)
- Author(s):Magdalena Marczuk-Karbownik, Karol Żakowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Economic policy, Military policy, Geopolitics
- Page Range:7-9
- No. of Pages:3
- Keywords:power; foreign policy; international relations
- Summary/Abstract:The introduction contains a description of the theoretical framework and the issues raised in the work, especially the categories of power.
Unia Europejska – na drodze do mocarstwowości
Unia Europejska – na drodze do mocarstwowości
(The European Union – on the path to a great power status)
- Author(s):Przemysław Łukasik
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, Geopolitics
- Page Range:11-31
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:The European Union; superpower; power; evolution of the international order
- Summary/Abstract:The European Union faces a dilemma of playing the role of a serious world leader or falling into marginalization, which will result in a bipolar world (USA, PRC). The EU soft power, i.e. peace and development, is to be extended by European decision-makers to include hard power, i.e. the creation of a defense community. The aim of the text is to look at the prospects and conditions for the formation of the EU as a world leader in the 21st century.
Kanada jako mocarstwo selektywne w okresie rządów Justina Trudeau (2015–2022)
Kanada jako mocarstwo selektywne w okresie rządów Justina Trudeau (2015–2022)
(Canada as a selective power under Justin Trudeau (2015-2022))
- Author(s):Marcin Gabryś
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Governance, Geopolitics
- Page Range:33-56
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Canada; foreign policy; Justin Trudeau; power; selective power
- Summary/Abstract:The starting point of the article is the assumption that after the end of the Cold War, the main theories describing Canada's international position ceased to adequately describe the country's role and international importance. It therefore became necessary to introduce a new approach - selective power. The article describes its main assumptions, first of all, the high selectivity and hierarchization of Canada's fields of international activity and the fact that the country's foreign policy is increasingly inward-looking, based on hard interests, rational and pragmatic, in which the calculation of profits and losses matters. Such characteristics are relatively constant and detached from the political line of a party currently in power. In the next section of the article, the theory of selective superpower is used to examine Canada's international activity under Justin Trudeau using selected examples, including climate and energy policy.
Japonia jako "middle power"
Japonia jako "middle power"
(Japan as middle power)
- Author(s):Karol Żakowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Politics, Geopolitics
- Page Range:57-72
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:middle power; Japan; foreign policy
- Summary/Abstract:Japan, which until 1945 was a colonial power, marked its position in the international arena as an economic power in the post-war period. The end of the Cold War led to the beginning of a discussion in this country about its place in the modern world. While the government in Tokyo started aiming at the status of a superpower, symbolized by a permanent seat in the UN Security Council, there were also voices among politicians and the intelligentsia that Japan should follow the path of a "middle power". The purpose of this article is to analyze to what extent Japan can be called a middle power not only in terms of its economic and military potential, but also the awareness of the elites and society as well as behavior on the international arena.
„Bezpieczeństwo to Stany Zjednoczone, gospodarka to interes narodowy” – Korea Południowa wobec rywalizacji amerykańsko-chińskiej
„Bezpieczeństwo to Stany Zjednoczone, gospodarka to interes narodowy” – Korea Południowa wobec rywalizacji amerykańsko-chińskiej
("Security is the United States, the economy is the national interest" - South Korea and the US-Chinese rivalry)
- Author(s):Joanna Beczkowska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Economic policy, International relations/trade, Geopolitics
- Page Range:73-89
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:South Korea; China; United States; economic security; hedging
- Summary/Abstract:The US-Chinese rivalry has been a strategic challenge for South Korea for years. Seoul, however, is used to balancing between powers and avoiding the firm support of one side - the most important ally or the largest economic partner. The Korean hedging strategy was based on the paradigm developed over the years: "Security is the United States, the economy is China." Based on "strategic ambiguity" and "balanced diplomacy", this concept separated the spheres of cooperation with the superpowers. However, the intensifying rivalry between the superpowers and the global situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic or Russian aggression against Ukraine changed this paradigm to "security is the United States, the economy is the national interest." The new approach does not mean a departure from hedging against superpowers but points to the need to re-evaluate relations with China. In its strategy, South Korea also seeks greater autonomy from the superpowers in the realm of economic security.
Stosunki amerykańsko-indyjskie w XXI wieku. Implikacje geopolityczne
Stosunki amerykańsko-indyjskie w XXI wieku. Implikacje geopolityczne
(American-Indian relations in the twentieth century. Geopolitical implications)
- Author(s):Robert Jakimowicz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Economic policy, Military policy, Geopolitics
- Page Range:91-109
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:United States; India; China; political relations; economic relations; military relations
- Summary/Abstract:In this article, the author presents and analyzes U.S.- India relations in the twenty-first century, which are fundamentally different from previous ones during the Cold War and before the collapse of the Soviet Union. The introduction sets out the premises that prevented good relations between the US and India during the Cold War. Then, in three parts, the dynamics of American-Indian relations are presented and analyzed. On the other hand, the conclusions summarise the most important factors that have become the basis of the current relations between the two countries.
Skuteczność polityk odstraszania w teatrze europejskim w świetle doświadczeń sojuszników USA doby wojny o Ukrainę i II zimnej wojny
Skuteczność polityk odstraszania w teatrze europejskim w świetle doświadczeń sojuszników USA doby wojny o Ukrainę i II zimnej wojny
(The efficiency of deterrence policies in European theatre in the light of experience of U.S. allies in the time of Ukraine war and II Cold War)
- Author(s):Grzegorz Nycz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Military policy, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:111-133
- No. of Pages:23
- Keywords:new Cold War; deterrence; war in Ukraine
- Summary/Abstract:The chapter discusses the problem of adequacy of adopted and modified for the sake of XXI century capacities to defend NATO East flank (European Deterrence Initiative) in the context of the ongoing Russia-West crisis since 2014. Relations between the U.S. and Russia (with an impact on the outcome of the Ukraine contest) were to a large degree under a pressure of the post-Cold War arms control agreements, a part of which referring to intermediate range ballistic missiles and conventional forces were made inactive before the Russian aggression in Ukraine of 2022. Under the conditions of the crisis of the New Cold War the security policies of Western powers were subject to revision connected with the challenge to its liberal concept of international order, as well as in the light of the challenge to earlier balance of power in Europe formed under the leadership of the U.S. and NATO, sharply put into question by Russia. The chapter analyses the budgetary dimension of the Western defense aid to Ukraine and instruments of supporting NATO East flank with an eye on newly formed challenges in the time of Ukraine war, including a threat to European and international energy security.
Ewolucja koncepcji „szczególności Arktyki” w kontekście wpływu wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej na sytuację międzynarodową na Dalekiej Północy (luty–grudzień 2022)
Ewolucja koncepcji „szczególności Arktyki” w kontekście wpływu wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej na sytuację międzynarodową na Dalekiej Północy (luty–grudzień 2022)
(The Evolution of the concept of „Arctic exceptionalism” in the context of the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the international situation in the High North (February–December, 2022))
- Author(s):Przemysław Piotr Damski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Military policy, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:135-164
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:the Arctic; Russia; the United States; Russo-Ukrainian War; NATO; Nordic states
- Summary/Abstract:For thirty years since the end of the Cold War, the Arctic, and the international regime there have been characterised as “exceptional”. However, there have been many definitions of “Arctic exceptionalism” and it is difficult to identify one to which all states in the region subscribe. At the same time, the concept was changing over time and adapting to new conditions, right up to the Russian aggression against Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Crucial to this was the policy of Russia and the United States, the only global powers that are Arctic states which, until the war in Ukraine, respected the norms and principles developed for the Arctic based on trust. The aggression against Ukraine undermined Russia’s credibility and highlighted how divergently the various Arctic players understood “exceptionalism”. As a result, Western states began to rally around the US and isolate Russia by depriving her, at least for a time, of her “territory of negotiations”. In response, they were met with military demonstrations designed to induce them to return to the status quo ante bellum. However, this has not been successful, has led to a strengthening of the US position in the region and has cast doubt on the continuation of the “exceptionalism” in its current form.
Podsumowanie i wnioski
Podsumowanie i wnioski
(Summary and conclusions)
- Author(s):Magdalena Marczuk-Karbownik, Karol Żakowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economic policy, Military policy, Geopolitics
- Page Range:165-166
- No. of Pages:2
- Keywords:power; foreign policy; international relations
- Summary/Abstract:The Summary contains conclusions from the case studies presented in the book. The analysis of the potential and international strategies of selected countries shows that a world power must possess sufficient power resources in all key dimensions: economic, military and political. While some countries more or less successfully aspire to this status, others have settled for the rank of "middle power". Although middle power is not able to independently implement all the goals of its foreign policy, it at least has sufficient resources to effectively deter potential aggressors and lead in selected fields of international activity.