Początki obrządku szkieletowego na ziemiach polskich w okresie wczesnego średniowiecza
The Beginnings of the Skeletal Rite in Poland in the Early Middle Ages
Contributor(s): Dariusz Błaszczyk (Editor), Andrzej Buko (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Published by: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Keywords: beginnings of Christianization; Mieszko I; Bolesław Chrobry; oldest skeletal cemeteries
Summary/Abstract: The collection of articles explores the issue of the beginnings of inhumation in Poland perceived as a testimony to the adoption of Christianity. The discussion focuses on determining at whichmoment in our history the use of skeletal funeral rite begins: around 966, after the baptism of Mieszko I, in the second half of the 10th century, or during the times of Mieszko’s successor, Bolesław Chrobry in the 11th century? This is crucial for dating the beginnings of Christianity in Poland, the medieval skeletal cemeteries and the progress of Christianization of Polish lands.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-6043-2
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-6035-7
- Page Count: 164
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: Polish
Datowania cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich: problemy wnioskowania
Datowania cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich: problemy wnioskowania
(Dating of early medieval cemeteries in the Polish lands: problems of inference)
- Author(s):Andrzej Buko
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:11-24
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:early Middle Ages; beginnings of inhumation; initial phase of the cemetery; dating of cemeteries
- Summary/Abstract:The fundamental problem in the context of research on the origins of the Polish state is the moment of its emergence in the funeral rite of inhumation. Its reception, according to many researchers, is a material correlate of the beginnings of Christianity. The conventional caesura - after 966 - is marked here by the baptism date of Mieszko I, the first historical ruler of Poland. Unsettled the question remains whether and to what extent his subjects followed in the prince's footsteps and to whom in the first place this new funeral custom concerned. The author on selected examples taken from both contemporary and medieval observations cemeteries illustrates the complex issue of dating the oldest early medieval cemeteries in Poland Polish. At the same time, he draws attention to inference errors, especially when separating their initial phases. On this sub-pond states that the thesis according to which in humation appears on Polish lands only after the year 1000 requires a critical verification.
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Podstawy datowania i początki najstarszej fazy cmentarzyska w Lubieniu
Podstawy datowania i początki najstarszej fazy cmentarzyska w Lubieniu
(Basics of dating and the beginnings of the oldest phase of the cemetery at Lubień)
- Author(s):Tomasz Kurasiński, Kalina Skóra
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:25-39
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:early Middle Ages; funeral rite; inhumation; Central Poland; Lubień
- Summary/Abstract:The cemetery in Lubień belongs to the group of the oldest early medieval inhumation necropolises in Poland Central. According to the authors' findings, the cemetery in Lubień was established in the first quarter of the 11th century is important for considering the problem of the beginnings of inhumation in Poland at that time. Destruction of the central part of the establishment burial ground, which is also assumed to be the location of the first burials, seriously hinders drawing conclusions in a binding manner about its initial phase. The analysis of the archaeological material indicates that the time of the most intensive use of this place fell on the second half of 11th century, although members of the local community were buried there until the third quarter of the 12th century. Only the few products of material culture (numismatic items, earrings with a triangular bead, a ceramic vessel) allow us to wonder whether the cemetery was established at the end of the 10th century. New light on the beginnings of the necropolis and inhumation in this area may be shed by research biological material using absolute dating methods.
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Faza inicjalna najstarszego cmentarza wczesnośredniowiecznego Sandomierza
Faza inicjalna najstarszego cmentarza wczesnośredniowiecznego Sandomierza
(The initial phase of the oldest early medieval cemetery at Sandomierz)
- Author(s):Marek Florek
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:40-59
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:Sandomierz; early Middle Ages; elite graves
- Summary/Abstract:In the years 2013–2015, the oldest part of the skeletal cemetery, which functioned in the 11th century on the so-called Town Hill in Sandomierz. Some of the graves dated to the end of the 10th and/or the beginning of the 11th century are in form and applied funeral ritual similar to the so-called chamber graves. They contained above-standard, as for the conditions Lesser Poland, equipment (including clay pots, an axe, horseshoe clasps, a set for striking fire). Forms of graves and equipment suggest foreign origin of some of the deceased, which is also confirmed by the results of specialist analyses on the content of strontium isotopes. Noteworthy is the relatively large number of "eastern" elements in the equipment of the dead: an ax (axe), a key reused as a flint, horseshoe clasps, whorls. Taking into account the dating of the graves and their forms and equipment, it can be assumed that we are dealing with elite burials belonging to people whose at least some of them came to Sandomierz from outside, probably representing the Piast rule. They could have been newcomers from Wielkopolska, however, it cannot be ruled out that - especially in the case of the deceased from grave 9 - we are dealing with a Varangian - Rus in the service of one of the first two historical rulers of the Piast dynasty. These graves gave rise to it probably the oldest necropolis in Sandomierz, used by its inhabitants deep into the 11th century.
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Cmentarzyska birytualne typu Bilczew i ich datowanie
Cmentarzyska birytualne typu Bilczew i ich datowanie
(Biritual cemeteries of the Bilczew type and their dating)
- Author(s):Katarzyna Schellner, Krzysztof Gorczyca
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:60-84
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:biritualism; burial grounds of the Bilczew type; early Middle Ages; Greater Poland
- Summary/Abstract:In recent years, three biritual cemeteries described as the Bilczew type have been discovered in the vicinity of Konin: Bilczew, commune of Kramsk, commune loco, and Kwiatków, commune Brudzew. This group also includes one archival cemetery at Konin, commune loco, which requires new interpretation and reanalysis. These sites are of special significance because continuity in the use of the necropolis after a change of religion, and therefore of the funeral rite, has been recorded there. It is a phenomenon that has not been noted in Greater Poland so far. The text presents and discusses most fully the cemetery at Bilczew, as it is the best recognised and published necropolis of this type to date. As a result of the excavation works, the entire preserved part of the site was examined, revealing 102 early medieval pit cremation graves and 27 skeletal ones, as well as one undetermined pit. The other cemeteries of this type were examined only by digging test pits (Kramsk), or the results of their excavations were initially misinterpreted (Konin). The largest of the recently explored cemeteries of this type (Kwiatków), where 127 cremation graves, 143 skeletal graves and 10 cenotaphs were discovered, awaits study and publication.
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Najstarsza faza rozwoju wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Kałdusie
Najstarsza faza rozwoju wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Kałdusie
(The earliest stage of development of the early medieval cemetery at Kałdus)
- Author(s):Jacek Bojarski, Wojciech Chudziak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:85-106
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:Early Middle Ages; Chełmno Land; Kałdus; cemetery; inhumation; chronology; radiocarbon dates
- Summary/Abstract:The subject of this article are the beginnings of the oldest early medieval necropolis located under the mountain St. Lawrence in Kałdus. Its creation coincided with the period of building the Polish state and accompanying this process Christianization, which was expressed in the eschatological dimension by inhumation. In the case of Kałdus, it was considered the earliest chamber graves, which were to initiate the development of the first necropolis, which was then used by several generations of residents resort in Culmine. Among the issues that have been given the most attention in this place, they come to the fore Two issues arise: 1) the genesis of inhumation in the Chełmno region and 2) the moment when it began to be used.
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Uwagi na temat chronologii cmentarzyska w Lutomiersku
Uwagi na temat chronologii cmentarzyska w Lutomiersku
(Remarks on the chronology of the cemetery at Lutomiersk)
- Author(s):Jerzy Sikora
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:107-128
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:early Middle Ages; funerary archaeology; burials with equestrian equipment; chronology radiocarbon
- Summary/Abstract:Cemetery in Lutomiersk, explored by Konrad Jażdżewski's team in the 1940s and 1950s, published by Andrzej Nadolski, Andrzej Abramowicz and Tadeusz Poklewski in 1959, continues to be the object of interest generations of archaeologists. This is undoubtedly one of the most important funeral sites from the first period the Piast monarchy. Publication by Ryszard Grygiel of new data in the form of radiocarbon dating for parts graves from Lutomiersk, allows us to resume the discussion on its dating. Using Bayesian modeling radiocarbon dates, analysis of burial equipment and the spatial structure of the cemetery, it is proposed to provide more detail here dating and interpretation of the development of the burial space. The presented findings are of a working nature and testify, above all, to the still significant research potential of this site.
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Początki inhumacji w państwie pierwszych Piastów w świetle wyników badań radiowęglowych
Początki inhumacji w państwie pierwszych Piastów w świetle wyników badań radiowęglowych
(The beginnings of inhumation in the state of the first Piasts in the light of the results of radiocarbon dating)
- Author(s):Dariusz Błaszczyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:129-143
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Middle Ages; inhumation; chamber graves; radiocarbon dating
- Summary/Abstract:The author discusses the results of determining the age of the bones of skeletons buried with the use of the radiocarbon method chamber graves from the area of the early Piast state. The test samples were taken directly from the skeletons and in most cases issued using the AMS method. Radiocarbon dating showed that most of the tested burials came from the second half of 10th century and the reign of Mieszko I. So these people lived and worked during his rule, too they died and were buried during his reign. Two of the examined graves can be related to the beginning of the 11th century, that is, until the reign of Bolesław the Brave. The obtained results of 14C dating indicate that the beginnings are associated with Christianity inhumation in Poland can be associated with the second half of the 19th century. 10th century, with the reign of Mieszko I. At that time, the first one was founded skeletal cemeteries, which in many cases were used continuously until the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century.
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Czy najstarsze cmentarze szkieletowe w państwie pierwszych Piastów można datować na wiek X?
Czy najstarsze cmentarze szkieletowe w państwie pierwszych Piastów można datować na wiek X?
(Can the oldest inhumation cemeteries in the state of the first Piasts be dated to the 10th century?)
- Author(s):Przemyslaw Urbanczyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:144-153
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:funeral rite; skeletal burials; chronology; Middle Ages; Poland
- Summary/Abstract:Until recently, the intuitive conviction prevailed that a departure from the centuries-old eschatological tradition, which required cremation of the corpse, took place shortly after the baptism of Mieszko I in 966. In this way, archaeologically confirmed the belief of medieval chroniclers that the conversion of the ruler resulted in the rapid Christianization of his subjects. Meanwhile from the time of his reign (before 963–992) there are no (except for Poznań) reliable evidence of a change in the funeral rite. The current dating of the oldest skeletal burials allows this change to be placed only in the last decade of the 10th century, that is already in the times of Bolesław the Brave. This means that our first historical ruler was not archaeologically visible successes in enforcing the Christian way of burying the dead.
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Datowanie początków cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich w świetle danych numizmatycznych
Datowanie początków cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich w świetle danych numizmatycznych
(Dating the origins of early medieval cemeteries in the Polish lands in the light of numismatic data)
- Author(s):Stanisław Suchodolski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:154-163
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:coins; graves; cemeteries; dating
- Summary/Abstract:Coins are the best dater of any artifact discovered in archaeological contexts. The time of circulation must be added to the date of creation of the coins. Coin dating is also more precise than that using 14C radioactive carbon analysis. The earliest, but only sporadic, coins appear in graves at Silesia (Germany). They are more common in cemeteries in Wielkopolska (Dziekanowice, Sowinki), Kujawy (Bodzia) and Gdańsk Pomerania (Kałdus, Warm). The beginnings of depositing these coins in graves can be assessed for a period not earlier than the last quarter of the 10th century, and more certainly for the years 990–1000. This corresponds to the beginning of Bolesław's reign Brave (992–1025), i.e. a quarter of a century after the adoption of Christianity. Has this rite existed in Poland before, finally the reign of Mieszko I cannot be ruled out. For now, however, there are no numismatic arguments for this. We also don't know whether there were earlier skeletal graves, which, however, did not contain coins.
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