Problemy sieci archiwalnych w wybranych krajach Europy
The Problem of Archive Networks in Selected European Countries
Contributor(s): Adam Danilczyk (Editor), Jacek Kordel (Editor), Alicja Kulecka (Editor)
Subject(s): History, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
Published by: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Keywords: archive networks; state archives; archive; European archives
Summary/Abstract: The publication contains articles on organizing and functioning of archive networks in selected European countries, i.e. in Poland, Spain, Liechtenstein, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. The authors discuss the factors shaping archive networks and their relations with social needs, asking questions about the incentives which facilitate the organization of stable and effective archive networks, the possibility of its modification, or the importance of digital technologies in sharing archival resources.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-5959-7
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-5951-1
- Page Count: 242
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: Polish
Ustrojowe uwarunkowania działalności archiwalnej w Polsce w wieku XX
Ustrojowe uwarunkowania działalności archiwalnej w Polsce w wieku XX
(Systemic Conditions of Archival Activities in 20th-Century Poland)
- Author(s):Władysław Stępniak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:15-29
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:political systems; constitutional law; archival standards; national archival funds; legal protection of cultural assets; political history of Poland in the 20th century
- Summary/Abstract:Sources discussing archival activities in Poland in the 20th century do not give due significance to the systemic conditions governing the operation of archives. Similarly understated is the relationship between the law and regulations concerning the protection of national heritage on the one hand and archival standards on the other. The present article does not aim to make any final judgements in this regard but to point to the challenges in the research which are significant for a comprehensive discussion of archival science. In case of Poland, the activity of archives was initially regulated primarily by the legislation and practices resulting from the first Constitution of Poland, proclaimed in 1921, after the country had regained independence. As a state based on the system of liberal democracy, Poland was adopting progressive standards, which in case of archival sciences provided an appropriate level of protection to archival heritage and ensured conditions beneficial to its growth. After World War II, former regulations were gradually abandoned. This continued until 1983, which saw the implementation of the State Archives Act remaining in force until the present day. The law has since been amended several dozen times in order to adjust the operation of archives to the changing systemic, political, and social conditions. This process has illuminated significant issues which still affect archives and archivists.
- Price: 2.00 €
Rozmieszczenie i struktura zasobu archiwalnego w archiwach państwowych okresu międzywojennego
Rozmieszczenie i struktura zasobu archiwalnego w archiwach państwowych okresu międzywojennego
(The Distribution and Structure of Archival Funds in Interwar State Archives)
- Author(s):Irena Mamczak-Gadkowska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:31-47
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:state archive; state archival network; archival funds; state archival funds; distribution of archival funds; structure of archival funds
- Summary/Abstract:The article discusses the issue of the distribution and structure of archival funds in Polish state archives in the period between the restoration of Poland’s independence and the outbreak of World War II. The author lists the basic factors which determined the final shape of the archival network and structure of archival funds in the period under discussion, including factors independent from the management of the State Archives Department, such as financial struggles, lack of sufficient space, and staffing issues. Established under the decree of 7 February 1919, the state archive network overseen by the State Archives Department did not comprised a varying number of facilities over the course of the interwar period – from 11 facilities right after the war to 21 archives in 1924 to the final number of 16 archives (five of which were located in Warsaw) in the 1930s. Designed according to historical criteria, the archival network of the Second Polish Republic was not distributed evenly and did not correspond to the administrative divisions in the country. Some provinces, mostly those located in the east of Poland, did not have their branches of state archives. The author also points to significant changes introduced to the structure of archival funds in Polish state archives in the interwar period, motivated by such factors as the dissolution of certain archival facilities, recovery of archival materials, and collection of contemporary records produced by the offices and institutions of the Second Polish Republic. The article also provides data on the size and structure of the resources held in individual archives and the overall state archival funds in the interwar period.
- Price: 2.00 €
Sieć archiwów państwowych w Polsce po 1989 roku
Sieć archiwów państwowych w Polsce po 1989 roku
(State Archive Network in Poland after 1989)
- Author(s):Hubert Mazur
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:49-73
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:state archives; archival network
- Summary/Abstract:The network of state archives in Poland started to form in 1919, although first historical archives in Polish lands had been established as early as the 19th century. The organisation of state archives in Poland after World War II was influenced by pertinent legislation, the strategy of increasing the density of the archival network, and administrative reforms introduced in the country. As a result, the turn of the 1960s saw the state archive network comprising the largest number of units in history. After 1989, the network of state archives did not undergo any major transformations. There were only sporadic cases of changing the names of some units. Several state archives lost their autonomous status and became branches, while other underwent the opposite changes. The most significant trend has been the liquidation of remote branches of state archives and their agencies, which has resulted in a gradual decrease in network density. Certain branches were dissolved due to financial hardships and resulting difficulty in securing premises to house them. A certain role was also played by staffing and organisational issues. The dissolution of remote branches was an attempt to improve the efficiency of the management of archives in economic, spatial, and personal terms. Following the liquidation of remote branches and agencies, their archival resources were transferred and assembled in a single place. For the local communities of towns and counties, this resulted in limited access to archival materials. There were some attempts to combat the trend of remote archive branches closing down, taken by local municipal governments, regional bodies of state administration, deputies to the Sejm, media, and cultural and scientific organisations. Unfortunately, the state archive network in the Third Republic of Poland was not developed according to a conscious, planned, and consistent strategy of the Chief Directors of State Archives or in line with any well-thought-out conceptual framework. The state archive network in Poland has been effectively shaped exclusively by the ongoing economic and spatial conditions of these institutions.
- Price: 2.50 €
Archiwa wyodrębnione centralnej administracji rządowej
Archiwa wyodrębnione centralnej administracji rządowej
(Classified Government Administration Archives)
- Author(s):Rafał Galuba
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:75-94
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:classified archives; state archival resources; classified information; documentation and archival resources management
- Summary/Abstract:The archives of the central government administration hold the most important part of contemporary state archival resources, both “public” and classified. In order to ensure the external and internal security of the Polish state, it is necessary to implement an effective system of managing classified information, documentation, and archival materials in both traditional and electronic formats. Classified archives are an important part of this system. Their operation also determines the preservation of archival resources for the future.
- Price: 1.00 €
Archiwum Chmarów – jego historia, rozproszenie i potencjalne znaczenie dla badań nad dziejami państwa polsko-litewskiego w XVIII wieku i ziem polskich zaboru rosyjskiego
Archiwum Chmarów – jego historia, rozproszenie i potencjalne znaczenie dla badań nad dziejami państwa polsko-litewskiego w XVIII wieku i ziem polskich zaboru rosyjskiego
(The Chmara Archive – History, Scattering, and Potential Significance for the Research of the History of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th Century and the Polish Lands under the Russian Partition)
- Author(s):Dariusz Rolnik
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:95-109
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Chmara Archive; Adam Chmara; Stanisław August Poniatowski; polonica in the archives of Belarus
- Summary/Abstract:It is difficult to unequivocally determine the significance of the Chmara Archive in the research of the Commonwealth in the 18th century and the territory of the Russian Partition in the 19th century. The records are undoubtedly worth exploring by anyone looking to analyse political ties in the aforementioned eras. The archive certainly holds greatest value for the study of the last years of Augustus III’s reign, the period of the rule of Stanisław August Poniatowski, and the turn of the 20th century. Referring to the introduction, it bears emphasising that the collection is of considerable importance to the research of the mentality and identity of provincial elites in the period of Old Poland and the first half of the 19th century. Taking a broader look at these issues helps shed a new light on various smaller threads. The archive includes many materials concerning issues related to the economies of noble estates, for example escapes of peasants or floating goods to Königsberg. In terms of geography, the Chmara Archive may prove useful in studying the public life of the Minsk Province and later the Minsk Governorate. While the records are of marginal importance for the 18th century and the politics of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, some materials, for example the accounts of J.N. Chęcki, clarify certain issues or help look at seemingly obvious matters from a new perspective.
- Price: 2.00 €
Proces kształtowania się sieci archiwalnych w regionach autonomicznych Hiszpanii
Proces kształtowania się sieci archiwalnych w regionach autonomicznych Hiszpanii
(The Development of Archival Networks in the Autonomous Communities of Spain)
- Author(s):Zuzanna Jaśkowska-Józefiak
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:113-129
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Spain; state archives; archival networks; archives law; autonomous communities of Spain; archive management
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of the paper is to discuss the development process of archival networks in Spanish autonomous communities. The starting point for the deliberations is the analysis of the 1978 Constitution, which divided the country into 17 autonomous regions and provided a legal basis for transferring archive management competencies to local government authorities. The subsequent section of the paper discusses the first attempts to establish an archival network and the most significant challenges encountered in the process. The section also seeks to analyse the structure of the network. What follows is a section focusing on various management models implemented by individual communities. The following models have been distinguished: cultural, administrative, and national. Cited as an example of the latter is the archival network of Catalonia, which the paper discusses in more detail. The argument concludes with an analysis of factors which shaped the process of developing regional archival networks in Spain and their current structure. The paper has been written on the basis of Spanish legislation adopted by central and local authorities and available secondary sources.
- Price: 2.00 €
Sieć archiwalna w Księstwie Liechtensteinu
Sieć archiwalna w Księstwie Liechtensteinu
(The Archival Network of the Principality of Liechtenstein)
- Author(s):Jacek Kordel
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:131-141
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:Liechtenstein family; Liechtenstein’s archival network; Vaduz; Stanislaus II Augustus’ archive
- Summary/Abstract:The article discusses the archival network of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The network consists of the National Archives (Liechtensteinisches Landesarchiv), municipal archives, and archives of public law entities. Operating outside the network is the House Archive of the Reigning Princes von und zu Liechtenstein based in Vienna (Hausarchiv der Regierenden Fürsten von und zu Liechtenstein), which stores the most important materials concerning the history of the princely family, illustrating its achievements and deeds in politics and economy. Liechtenstein’s archival network has been, to a significant degree, tailored to meet the legal needs of the ruling princely house. Its resources include the most important records documenting connections with other royal houses and the rulers’ political and social roles. The process of collecting archival materials in Liechtenstein has been closely tied with the legal needs of both the reigning house and the inhabitants of the country. It has focused primarily on administrative centres and the judiciary. The archives of Liechtenstein include a variety of finding aids which are of great importance in archival searches. It can also be argued that Liechtenstein’s archival network has been structured based on the experiences of Austria and other German countries.
- Price: 1.50 €
W okowach ograniczeń: historycy Litw a specjalne zespoły archiwalne w latach 70.–80. XX wieku
W okowach ograniczeń: historycy Litw a specjalne zespoły archiwalne w latach 70.–80. XX wieku
(In oppression of restrictions: Lithuanian historians and the Special Funds in the 1970–1980’s)
- Author(s):Vitalija Stravinskienė
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:143-159
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Secret Funds; Lithuanian historians; Central State Archives
- Summary/Abstract:The article, based on archival and historiographical materials, examines the transformation of the Lithuanian archival system implemented by the Soviet government when archives were subordinated to political goals. The authority restricted public access to the historical material stored in the archives after transferring them to the Special Funds. The author focuses on the development of the Secret Funds of the Central State Archives of Lithuania in the 1970–1980’s and discusses the experiences of Lithuanian historians in using the material stored in the Secret Funds in their professional work.
- Price: 2.00 €
Problem kopiowania polskich akt z okresu nowożytnego przechowywanych w archiwach rosyjskich, ukraińskich i białoruskich oraz udostępniania pozyskanych skanów i mikrofilmów
Problem kopiowania polskich akt z okresu nowożytnego przechowywanych w archiwach rosyjskich, ukraińskich i białoruskich oraz udostępniania pozyskanych skanów i mikrofilmów
(The Issue of Copying Polish Records from the Modern Era Held in Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian Archives and the Availability of Obtained Scans and Microfilms)
- Author(s):Janusz Łosowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Cultural history, History of Art
- Page Range:161-193
- No. of Pages:33
- Keywords:reprography; digitisation; microfilming; Polish archives; Russia; Belarus; Ukraine
- Summary/Abstract:As a consequence of the Partitions of Poland and two world wars, many valuable Polish records have come to be held in Russian archives, as well as in Belarusian and Ukrainian archives following the dissolution of the USSR. The access to these files for Polish researchers is pricey and at times also restricted. This is why the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw sought to obtain for a fee microfilms and scans of Polish records currently held in Lviv. The initiative proved fruitful, with the Archives receiving copies of over 400,000 pages of various archival materials. They are currently made available exclusively in the research room of the archive and may be photographed by the users. The State Archive in Lublin was able to obtain for a fee scans of 40 Old Polish court books currently held in Minsk. They can be accessed remotely on the website of the Lublin Digital Archive, which is very convenient for the users. The Polish side should secure funds to take similar steps in regard to Polish records held in Russian archives, but this will only be possible upon the end of the Russian-Ukrainian war, conclusion of a peace treaty, or return to normal Polish-Russian diplomatic relations.
- Price: 2.50 €
Sieć archiwów federalnych Rosji (1992–2016)
Sieć archiwów federalnych Rosji (1992–2016)
(The Federal Archives Network in Russia (1992–2016))
- Author(s):Alicja Kulecka
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
- Page Range:195-228
- No. of Pages:34
- Keywords:State Archive of the Russian Federation; Russian State Historical Archive; Russian State Archive of Historical Records; Russian State Archive of Social and Political History
- Summary/Abstract:The basic goal of the present paper is to discover the factors which shape the network of federal archives in Russia. There are plenty such factors to list. One of the basic ones are transformations in the political system and territorial changes undergone by the Russian state. These are visible in the manner of both naming and establishing individual archival units. In 1992, the adjective “central” was removed from the names of archives which had operated in the Soviet era. Only the adjective “state” remained. Its presence signalled that the resources stored in a particular archive were significant from the point of view of Russian statehood and considered an important and unifying element for the nations of the Russian Federation. Another decision taken was to cease to name archives after historical events shaping the communist movement. This concerned primarily the 1917 October Revolution. The Archive of the October Revolution, Supreme Organs of State Power was renamed to the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The architects of the archival network merged the funds of central USSR archives and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Such was the case of the Archive of the Russian Federation. One of the archives which enriched its resources was the Central Archive of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. Federal archives were structured according to historical, material, and chronological criteria. Among them there is a group of archives collecting documents produced by central institutions, interior administration, and other administration divisions, including party administration – with the exception of military administration, whose documentation is stored in what may be called general administration archives. Forming part of this particular group are five units: State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Historical Archive, Russian State Archive of Historical Records, Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. The centres established in the 1990s for the purpose of collecting resources assembled from party material, contemporary and historical documentation, and military records, were given the rank of archives in 1999. The Centre for the Storage of Modern Records was given the rank of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, while the Russian Centre for the Storage and Analysis of the Records of Youth Organisations became the foundation of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. The Centre for the Storage of Historical-Documentation Collections was incorporated into the Russian State Military Archive. The first decade of political and social transformations went hand in hand with rapid changes in the organisation of archives. The network of federal archives does not encompass the records of Russian diplomatic services held in the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Russian Academy of Sciences also has a separate archival network. The aforementioned Russian State Military Archive became the third unit in the network of federal archives which stores army records. The network includes a separate group of archives collecting materials produced by military institutions. Forming its part are the Russian State Archive of the Navy, Russian State Military Archive, and Russian State Military Historical Archive. Another group of archives was formed and organised according to the format criterion. It comprises institutions storing photographs, recordings, and film footage. This archive group includes the Russian State Documentary Film and Photo Archive, the Russian State Phonographic Archive. There are two archives storing a specific type of records – technical documentation. These are the Russian State Archive in Samara and the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documents. Literature and art were assigned to a separate archive – the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art. The network of federal archives also includes an economic archive – the Russian State Archive of Economics. The final shape of the network was also largely determined by territorial factors, as in the case of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East. Records from the Far East, primarily documents of the General Governorate of Eastern Siberia in Tomsk, were separated and deemed an object requiring an autonomous archive. A separate archive was established to store records produced by the central administration of the Russian state in the period when Petersburg was the capital city. These documents are held in the Russian State Historical Archive. This decision was most likely motivated by the rule of limited territorial pertinence. Another consequence of systemic transformations was also the foundation of archives storing historical and contemporary records of institutions which were dissolved as a consequence of this process. These newly established units came to hold, among others, the records of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and its youth organisation. The function of the historical archives of the CPSU and concomitantly of the unit researching and analysing the party history was performed by the Institute of Marxism and Leninism. The records of the Institute came to form the foundation of the Archive of Contemporary History. In 1999, documentation centres were merged and transformed into archives. In case of some of these units, only the name was changed from “centre” to “archive,” while others were incorporated into previously existing archives. The archival network was formed on the basis of various criteria, which included both the contents and the formats of the records. The process of founding new archives followed the rule of provenance. Various steps were taken to ensure that archival fonds were not divided. However, it bears emphasising that in case of Russian archives, an archival fonds may consist in both records of a single institution or records of one of its organisational units, for instance the files of a department of a certain ministry. Changing the location of the seat of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East turned out to be a complicated endeavour. Not all files from the transferred archive reached their destination. The network of federal archives includes a group of documents considered particularly valuable and unique. Consequently, a number of federal archives have been assigned the status of institutions holding rare records of particular importance. These are the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Historical Records, Russian State Historical Archive, Russian State Military Historical Archive. The federal archival network encompasses records from all historical eras. Its structure has been shaped by such factors as various formats of recording information, types of documents, wealth of contents resulting from the large territorial span of Russia and later the USSR, and the importance of these states on the international forum. The information stored in the archival network constitutes an important source for researching the history of Russia and the world.
- Price: 2.50 €