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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE - REGIONAL COOPERATION IN EUROPE: OPORTUNITY FOR THE BALKANS Cover Image

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE - REGIONAL COOPERATION IN EUROPE: OPORTUNITY FOR THE BALKANS
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE - REGIONAL COOPERATION IN EUROPE: OPORTUNITY FOR THE BALKANS

Contributor(s): Boris Tihi (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics, Regional Geography, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Economic development, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
Published by: Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine
Keywords: Balkans; BiH; region; cooperation; political parties; EU accession; economic development; economic policy;
Summary/Abstract: The Conference is organized by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH), Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, London School of Economics LSE London, University of Bologna, within the Academic programme 2010/2011 of the Inter University Center (IUC), Dubrovnik. The main conference topic is „Regional Cooperation in Europe: Opportunity for the Balkans“. This topic sublimes and reflects European and regional principles and concepts related to the significance of regional cooperation in the EU accession process. The Conference is open to all the issues of regional science, regional development theory and policy, cooperation, cohesion, institutions, financing, integration, and education. Significance of the topic for candidate or potential candidate countries derives, among other things, from the task to determine statistical or NUTS regions in line with relevant provisions on establishing the common classification of theoretical units for statistics, to (re)define regional development strategy and regional development management, to ensure utilization of IPA funds, participation in trans-border programmes, to participate in EU strategies for the Danube region, to redefine strategies of the existing and potential Euro-regions in this area, to implement the Provision on European Grouping and Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), to implement European Convention on Trans-Border Cooperation, European Charter on Local and Regional Self-Management, declaration on regionalisms, on proper local and regional governance, European Charter on Border and Trans-Border Regions, provisions on financing regional development and achieving regional development goals (convergences, competitiveness, employment and territorial cooperation), to coordinate these processes. Number of papers submitted is of great importance for this conference. Papers were subjected to a blind refereeing/reviewing process. The members of the Committee did the reviews thoroughly and timely, despite the tight schedules. Conference topics are: Regional Science epistemology and pedagogy, Territorial cohesion and regional development, Cross-border cooperation and development, Globalization and regional competitiveness WB, Problems and prospects of European integration, EU Regional policies, Land use, real estate and housing markets, Infrastructure, transports and communications, Rural and local development, Tourism and regional development, Labor markets and demography, Clusters – actors, processes and performance, New economic geography, New regional structure, Institutions for regional development, and Creative municipalities, cities and regions. Proceedings contains the following papers: Stanovnik Peter – Pillars of Competitiveness in Balkan Countries, Horváth Gyula – Regional Inequalities of Higher Intellectual Capacities in the Balkan Countries; Vrbošić Josip – Political Parties and Constitutional Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pejanović Mirko – Regionalization in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pálné Kovács Ilona – Europeanised Governance and Cohesion Policy, Domazet Anto – Regionalization, Regional Marketing and Regional Companies in Western Balkan Countries, Trifković Miloš – The Vienna Convention on International Sale of Goods: a Tool for Unification of Regional Regulations for Trade in Goods in Europe?, Redžić Sulejman – Ecologization of Economy as a Tool of Sustainable Development, Mitigation Consequences of Climate Changes and Precondition for Integration Process toward European Union, Domljan Vjekoslav – Neretva Valley Development Corridor: Model of Creating Export Forces on Regional Basis, Osmanković Jasmina, Đonlagić Dženan, Hošo Jasmin – The Impact of Diferent Currency Areas on Regional Trade, Hurtić Zlatko – Problems and Prospects of the EU Integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Major Macroeconomic Challenges for the Accession Process, Aralica Zoran – Researching National Innovation Infrastructure in the Western Balkan Region, Mezei Cecília – Local Economic Development Activity in Hungary, Vlahinić-Dizdarević Nela, Žiković Saša – Institutional Capacity and Regional Electricity Market in Southeast Europe, Páger Balázs – The Role of the Environmental Industry in the Development of the Regions: The Case of the German Region Saxony-Anhalt, Osmanković Jasmina, Kenjić Vanja, Zrnić Renato – Cooperation for European Integrations: Educational Institutions of Western Balkans, Jasmin Hošo, Jasmina Osmanković, Dženan Đonlagić – Transnational Companies and West Balkans, Athanasopoulou Eleni, Dragoumanos Pavlos, Giannakopoulos Nikolaos – The City Dipole as a Regional Development Tool: The Case of the Dipole Tripoli-Kalamata in Greece, Knežević Marija – Agrotourism as a Generator of Region Development, Fetahagić Maida – Position of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans in the Context of Human Development, Lacković Igor, Milojica Vedran, Zrnić Renato – Health Tourism of the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina: Current State and Perspectives of Inclusion in the European Tourism Flows, Drpić Danijel, Kenjić Vanja, Milojica Vedran – Adaptation of Rural Tourism Offer of the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union Trends, Osmanković Jasmina, Resić Emina, Hošo Jasmin – Economic Development Model of the Western Balkans, Jašarspahić – Suri Mensur – Rural Development Digression on Area of Kakanj, etc. Keynote spekars for the Conference „Regional Cooperation in Europe: Opportunity for the Balkans“ are: Academician Boris Tihi, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH), Sarajevo; Academician Zvonimir Baletić, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU), Zagreb; Stefano Bianchini, University of Bologna, Bologna; Vesna Bojičić-Dželilović, The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), London; Ivan Jakovčić, Istria County Prefect, Istria, and Corresponding member of ANUBiH Muris Čičić, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH), Sarajevo. We would like to thank the authors, the members of the Committees for their efforts toward making this Conference a success.

Series: Posebna izdanja ANUBiH

  • E-ISBN-13: 978-9958-501-61-6
  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-9958-501-61-6
  • Page Count: 336
  • Publication Year: 2011
  • Language: English
PILLARS OF COMPETITIVENESS IN BALKAN COUNTRIES

PILLARS OF COMPETITIVENESS IN BALKAN COUNTRIES
(PILLARS OF COMPETITIVENESS IN BALKAN COUNTRIES)

  • Author(s):Peter Stanovnik
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Regional Geography, Labor relations, Higher Education , Economic development, Financial Markets
  • Page Range:11-20
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Balkan countries; international pillars of competitiveness; economic development;
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper aims at analysing the competitiveness (dis)advantages of the 8 selected Balkan countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia. In the case of basic requirements (functioning of institutions, developed infrastructure, macroeconomic performance, healthcare and primary education) the lags in all examined countries are not considerable (from 15 to 31 percent ). Relatively worse competitive position has been assessed for efficiency enhancers pillars: higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness and market size (lags from 21 percent in Slovenia to 32 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. International benchmarking shows important impact of human resources on competitiveness of any analysed economy. The worst competitive position was found for innovation and sophistication pillars (capacity for innovation, company spending on R&D, value chain breadth, production process sophistication, university-industry collaboration) where the lags in some countries are approaching to 50% of the most competitive economies.
REGIONAL INEQUALITIES OF HIGHER INTELLECTUAL CAPACITIES IN THE BALKAN COUNTRIES

REGIONAL INEQUALITIES OF HIGHER INTELLECTUAL CAPACITIES IN THE BALKAN COUNTRIES
(REGIONAL INEQUALITIES OF HIGHER INTELLECTUAL CAPACITIES IN THE BALKAN COUNTRIES)

  • Author(s):Gyula Horváth
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Regional Geography, Higher Education , State/Government and Education, Sociology of Education
  • Page Range:21-31
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Balkan Countries; Regional Inequalities; Higher education;
  • Summary/Abstract:The change of régime at the beginning of the 1990s produced a significant restructuring of the scientific potential of the Balkan countries. One characteristic common to all was a considerable reduction in scientific capacity. Two fields of research capacity shrank dramatically, one of these being the sectoral research institute network. The majority of research institutes funded by national bodies (such as ministries) were closed and the number of employees in academic research institutes declined equally dramatically. The reorganisation of the higher education system was the starting-point of a range of positive changes. In the new countries the number of undergraduates doubled or tripled, new colleges and universities were established and R&D was given an important role. Due to the specific spatial development of countries in the Balkans, the location of intellectual activities shows significant disparities. As a characteristic feature of late development, these countries are lagging behind Western and Central Europe in terms of university education and research and development (R&D) activities.
POLITICAL PARTIES AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

POLITICAL PARTIES AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
(POLITICAL PARTIES AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)

  • Author(s):Josip Vrbošić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Politics, Recent History (1900 till today), Government/Political systems, History and theory of political science
  • Page Range:33-41
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:Political Parties; Constitution; Changes; Bosnia and Herzegovina;
  • Summary/Abstract:Forming of political parties in Europe is related to forming of civil and social norms as well as civil legal relations. Closely associated with the mentioned, the foundations of liberal democracy were set. Since the end of feudal relations did not occur at the same time on the territory of former Yugoslav countries, multiparty political organization of the society developed in different time periods. This paper deals firstly with political and party life in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the beginning of the 20th century up to modern times. Social situation in the neighbourhood is also considered in the context of significant interdependency and affinity with political relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Irrespective of social and economical relations and social situation in which the political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina arose, functioned and stopped working under certain name, they all had one mutual characteristic that might be determined as an attempt of national establishment and national identification (Bosniak, Croatian and Serbian identity) within multiethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina and their constitutional equality.
REGIONALIZATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

REGIONALIZATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
(REGIONALIZATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)

  • Author(s):Mirko Pejanović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Constitutional Law, Government/Political systems, Economic development, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
  • Page Range:43-51
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:Regionalization; Bosnia and Herzegovina; regional development;
  • Summary/Abstract:Bosnia and Herzegovina in the development of post socialistic transition strides through several significant social historic processes. Surely, the most important process is the process of integration in EU. In order to achieve this aim it is necessary to implement European standards to complete conditions for the EU membership. One of those standards is establishment of regional state structure. Within internal structure of all West European countries besides central and local units of government, there is developed region model. Regions present important subjects of economical and social development of European Union and have important role in enlargement of European Union and its democratic development through the process of construction unique European market. Therefore, in the past decades, European Union pays special attention to the regional development and support to the interregional cooperation.
EUROPEANISED GOVERNANCE AND COHESION POLICY

EUROPEANISED GOVERNANCE AND COHESION POLICY
(EUROPEANISED GOVERNANCE AND COHESION POLICY)

  • Author(s):Ilona Pálné Kovács
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Governance, Economic policy, Government/Political systems, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
  • Page Range:53-62
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Europeanisation; governance; regime of structural funds; rescaling; regionalism;
  • Summary/Abstract:The rescaling/ or consolidation process at basic and meso-levels in Central and Eastern European countries has been going on under the label of Europeanisation adapting to the mainstream of West-European territorial governance and regionalism strongly influenced by the regime of the Structural Funds. The paper will show the process of territorial reforms in some Central and Eastern European and Western Balkan countries comparatively.
REGIONALIZATION, REGIONAL MARKETING AND REGIONAL COMPANIES IN WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES

REGIONALIZATION, REGIONAL MARKETING AND REGIONAL COMPANIES IN WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES
(REGIONALIZATION, REGIONAL MARKETING AND REGIONAL COMPANIES IN WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES)

  • Author(s):Anto Domazet
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy, Economic development, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, Marketing / Advertising
  • Page Range:63-80
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:regionalization; Western Balkan; convergence of environment; regional marketing; regional company;
  • Summary/Abstract:Regionalization of the Western Balkans countries is presented as a process of integration of national economies in the region based on the liberalization of flows of goods, capital, labor, information and ideas. Regionalization is taking place on two levels: at the individual country level and at the level of companies. Effects of regionalization are reflected in economic growth and development through the fostering of mutual trade, foreign direct investment and competitiveness. Regionalization creates a regional market, which is for the Western Balkan countries institutionally organized in the form of CEFTA. In the same time nearly all Western Balkan countries have a certain level of association and integration with European Union. In the context of international marketing regionalization is a process of convergence of marketing environment. This leads to a convergence of consumer needs and consumers creating a “regional consumer” with homogenized needs and preferences in consumption. So it allows the standardization of marketing on a regional basis and products with the effects of economies of scale and fragmentation of the value chain in different locations within the region. Regional marketing is a market concept exploiting market opportunities offered by regional markets and resources in the region. On the basis of a regional marketing approach a new type of regional companies that are oriented to market demand in the region is developed. Regional companies have primary focus to the similarities between the regional consumer segments and opportunities for regional resource use and investment in the region. For each country in the Western Balkans, due to the small economic area, regional market is extremely important for generating economic growth. Applying regional marketing and creating competitive regional companies is a promising way to use the potential of regional markets as much as possible. This also creates the necessary conditions for the competitiveness of regional companies in the EU market.
THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS: A TOOL FOR UNIFICATION OF REGIONAL REGULATIONS FOR TRADE IN GOODS IN EUROPE?

THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS: A TOOL FOR UNIFICATION OF REGIONAL REGULATIONS FOR TRADE IN GOODS IN EUROPE?
(THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS: A TOOL FOR UNIFICATION OF REGIONAL REGULATIONS FOR TRADE IN GOODS IN EUROPE?)

  • Author(s):Miloš Trifković
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International relations/trade
  • Page Range:81-103
  • No. of Pages:23
  • Keywords:CISG; EU; CEFTA 2006; BH; unification;
  • Summary/Abstract:Research shows that the impact of the Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG) on national legislators and legal practitioners in international trade of goods is not as significant as CISG’s acceptance on global and European level. Overcoming that difficulty in the area of commercial sales is the central subject of this paper. Comparison of CISG with sale laws in EU, CEFTA 2006 and BH reveals that the CISG vertically influences these systems in two basic ways. The model of direct impact means solely the adoption of the Convention into national law as the source for international sales. Reception of CISG’s norms into national general sale and contract law is the main feature of the second, indirect model. So far, the direct model of CISG’s influence absolutely dominates in legal systems participating in European regional integrations. That dominance doesn’t translate into CISG-driven unification of national domestic sale legislation and contract law in general. Thus, state legislators have room to create new, different solutions for substantially identical sale transactions at home and abroad. In order to avoid the crumbling of historically achieved horizontal unification level among national sale and contract laws, the implementation of the CISG indirect model is a necessity. Consequently, the CISG can really be a tool for unification of regional regulations of trade in goods in Europe only if the direct and indirect models are applied jointly and successfully. EU practice offers a useful pioneering experience for this process.
ECOLOGIZATION OF ECONOMY AS A TOOL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, MITIGATION CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGES AND PRECONDITION FOR INTEGRATION PROCESS TOWARD EUROPEAN UNION

ECOLOGIZATION OF ECONOMY AS A TOOL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, MITIGATION CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGES AND PRECONDITION FOR INTEGRATION PROCESS TOWARD EUROPEAN UNION
(ECOLOGIZATION OF ECONOMY AS A TOOL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, MITIGATION CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGES AND PRECONDITION FOR INTEGRATION PROCESS TOWARD EUROPEAN UNION)

  • Author(s):Sulejman Redžić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Energy and Environmental Studies, Environmental and Energy policy, Political Ecology, Environmental interactions, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
  • Page Range:105-126
  • No. of Pages:22
  • Keywords:economical transition; ecological crisis; natural resources; sustainable development; nature management; Western Balkan; European Union;
  • Summary/Abstract:Climate changes have been taking their share in last 30 years all over the world. Loss of soil caused by frequent flooding and soil erosion has resulted in increasing number of hungry people left without roof over their heads. Lack of fresh water is considered to be key issue nowadays. Conventional energetic resources are being lowered daily. All those facts were confirmed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment of our planet. Ecological crisis is getting worse every day without possibility to get out of it. This imposes emergent and effective ecologization of human society on global scale. First of all, it is necessary to conduct ecologization within economic sector, which is obligatory task to developed, less developed countries and especially to the countries going through socio-economic transition. All investments should be planned and analyzed on ecological basis, taking into account rules and laws of the European Union (EU). The investment is considered to be ecologically acceptable if it applies waste-less technologies with low energy input and products that are environmental friendly, whereby the Pollution Prevention should be a dominant approach. This relates especially to forestry and wood-industry which is basic economy sector in Western Balkan countries. Major cost savings could be done within this sector, which would cut down our needs after woods and new sources of fresh water. The most present questions in the Western Balkan countries, especially in BiH, questions that mainly correspond with serious environmental disturbances and climate changes, are those of hydro energetic sector. Without any kind of sever previous ecological study, there are being destroyed even last streams by construction of flow-through hydroelectric power plants, and building of high dams for large hydroelectric power plants. Some large and ecologically questionable investments are planned within Adriatic equator (territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Besides, there is yet to be solved route of Vc-corridor in its most delicate shares. Water is being re-directed from one watershed into another. Irreverence of both ecological laws and demands jeopardizes the biodiversity, specific habitats, especially endemic forms of life. This imposes need after more distinct stand of the EU toward all countries seeking to become its member on achieving and implementation of required ecological obligations in each aspect. In other words, there should not be new investment done unless there is a visible ecological base for it. Every single Euro has to be additionally „turned into green“. Likewise USAID (United States Agency for International Development) has done it through its after-war recovery programs in BiH achieving the outstanding results. As a first steps in achieving of sustainability is ecologization of educational system.
“NERETVA VALLEY DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR” MODEL OF CREATING EXPORT FORCES ON REGIONAL BASIS

“NERETVA VALLEY DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR” MODEL OF CREATING EXPORT FORCES ON REGIONAL BASIS
(“NERETVA VALLEY DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR” MODEL OF CREATING EXPORT FORCES ON REGIONAL BASIS)

  • Author(s):Vjekoslav Domljan
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, International relations/trade, Economic development
  • Page Range:127-141
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:Hercegovina; development corridor; technological park;
  • Summary/Abstract:In this paper we examine possible key ingredients of a regional development policy in Herzegovina and explain them through a model called the Neretva Valley Development Corridor. The BiH companies are not competitive even in the local, not to not mention in international markets. The region of Hercegovina can speed up the internationalization of companies by developing export incubators. The exports incubator is a driver that permeates business processes from the idea of starting up internationally oriented enterprise, its establishment as a member of cluster initiative, establishing business relationships with domestic and/or foreign companies (from subcontracting operations to export via a joint venture company) to the provision of package of support through the established business infrastructure. These incubators, economically located within the cluster initiatives, and physically placed in premises of business infrastructure or elsewhere, can contribute to development of export forces of the Region i.e. help transformation of regional companies into small and medium transnational companies of Region. A set of export incubators may contribute to the development of industrial zones, which can form part of the development corridor such as Konjic-Ploče. The paper proposes connecting primarily domestic, small, export-oriented firms with foreign, experienced companies interested in delivering firm-to-firm tutorials to domestic firms in order to, together with the regional firms, acquire new markets and increase their income and exports through joint ventures with these domestic firms.
THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CURRENCY AREAS ON REGIONAL TRADE

THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CURRENCY AREAS ON REGIONAL TRADE
(THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CURRENCY AREAS ON REGIONAL TRADE)

  • Author(s):Jasmina Osmanković, Dženan Đonlagić, Jasmin Hošo
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, International relations/trade
  • Page Range:143-150
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:regional cooperation; business; currency; TNC;
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper analyzes the effects of different currencies on regional cooperation and doing business for TNC’s. Today independent countries Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovine, Serbia, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, have had common currency (dinar). Dissolution of Ex-Yugoslavia led to the fall of common monetary area and formation of new states as well as new monetary area. Bosnia and Herzegovina established Convertible Mark (BAM), Croatia Kuna (HRK), FYR Macedonia dinar (MKD), Serbia dinar (RSD) and Monte Negro euro (EUR). We research how different currencies areas influence on the Tondach. We focus on Company Tondach in Serbia and Croatia and Macedonia. We test the main hypothesis: different currency areas have negative impact on income and trade (export and import) company. We data take from Tondach documentations and from other relevant statistics. Paper is part of our researches during last four years. Some of the result this research we published on the book and different papers.
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE EU INTEGRATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: MAJOR MACROECONOMIC CHALLENGES FOR THE ACCESSION PROCESS

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE EU INTEGRATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: MAJOR MACROECONOMIC CHALLENGES FOR THE ACCESSION PROCESS
(PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE EU INTEGRATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: MAJOR MACROECONOMIC CHALLENGES FOR THE ACCESSION PROCESS)

  • Author(s):Zlatko Hurtić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy, Political economy, Economic development, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
  • Page Range:151-168
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:EU Integration; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Macroeconomics;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina has adopted full integration of the country into the European Union (EU) as its major goal. This objective is supported by the large majority of population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the EU membership requires from all governments to meet a number of so called socio-economic conditions to ensure harmonization with the EU regulations and procedures. These policies were adopted by the European Council in 1993 in Copenhagen and which are known as the “Copenhagen criteria”. The fulfilment of them requires from each candidate country to implement a number of sub-criteria to enable to its economy to endure all competitive pressures from the EU common markets once full membership is achieved. Accession process also requires from the candidate countries to combat poverty and social exclusion, and to reform their social protection systems on the basis of policy exchanges and mutual learning. Finally, candidate countries have to improve capacity for implementation of the EU cohesion policy (2007-2013) which has been designed to bring social cohesion and to reduce gap between the levels of development of various regions across the EU. Bosnia and Herzegovina has made significant progress in years after the 1992-1995 war. However, implementation of the key structural reforms has lagged behind, notably those related to privatization, building export base and improving competitiveness. As result, Bosnia and Herzegovina has reached the pre-war GDP per capita just three years ago. Despite all shortfalls, Bosnia and Herzegovina has substantial potentials for a continued economic growth. However, the slowness in implementation of key reforms, in particular the structural reforms, is placing significant limitations and posing risks for meeting key socio-economic criteria for the EU integration. Ongoing political crisis has hindered economic recovery. As result, the international agency Moody’s has lowered credit rating of the country from stable to risky citing the political crisis as the main cause of economic difficulties. There are no doubts that majority of population of BiH supports the EU aspirations as much there are no doubts that all member states of the EU support full integration of BiH into the EU. However, the road to EU does not come without cost. Serious institutional and legislative adjustments are required to be carried out by all accession countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina is no exception to this process. Nevertheless, while the process of institutional strengthening and legislative adjustments have taken place, strengthening of the macroeconomic and structural policies to support EU integration has not received proper attention neither by the public or governments. The economic agenda for the EU accession is well known and unavoidable. It will have to be tackled by all governments if further progress is to be made. Meeting Copenhagen criteria has been for all other accession countries a serious test of their preparedness for the full membership. These criteria are designed to strengthen competiveness of the accession country’s economy to make it able to endure competitive pressures of the EU common market once full EU membership is achieved. In the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina meeting of the socio-economic criteria will require highest possible commitment on the Government but also on the public side to implement difficult and painful reforms, first and foremost to complete unfinished transition agenda and to build export-led economy fully integrated into the EU common market. Otherwise, rising foreign debt due to borrowing from the IMF (close to commercial terms), growing budget deficits, unemployment and current account deficit together with weak mobility and flexibility of the labour market are serous treats to macroeconomic stability. Under these circumstances, reaching the accession targets related to meeting the Copenhagen criteria and preparing the Bosnian economy for the membership at the EU common market will become highly challenging if not unrealistic.
RESEARCHING NATIONAL INNOVATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE WESTERN BALKAN REGION

RESEARCHING NATIONAL INNOVATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE WESTERN BALKAN REGION
(RESEARCHING NATIONAL INNOVATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE WESTERN BALKAN REGION)

  • Author(s):Zoran Aralica
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Developing nations
  • Page Range:169-179
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Infrastructure; Western Balkan region; national economies;
  • Summary/Abstract:The existing economic model among the Western Balkan (WB) countries with strong reliance on external financing cause macroeconomic instability within these countries, where stagnant growth rate and high rate of unemployment appear parallel with external imbalance i.e. growing external debt. The current financial crisis which characterizes denial of financing to private and public sectors in developing countries and regions like WB causes new challenges to the national innovation systems. That is requirement for increase of efficiency of use of available resources within the national innovation system. Therefore development of the innovation infrastructure in the national economies presents an important medium where innovative and inventive activities appear as indispensible elements. Acceptance of new moment (i.e. the financial crisis) on the national level requires competitive human resources within the government and the business sectors, where regional cooperation has potential to build an adequate human capacity, primarily in the government sector which may positively affect development of the national economies. Therefore the main focus of the paper to answer on two interrelated questions, first examine relation between macroeconomic performance and national innovation infrastructure among the WB countries and second explore on which way regional cooperation related to innovation economies influence innovation capacity on the national level? This is exploratory paper with the aim to contribute to the discussions on potential of regional cooperation among the WB countries in the field of innovation economics by explaining the interrelationship between institutional conditions related to innovations and macroeconomic performance that affect capacity of the regional cooperation.
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY IN HUNGARY

LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY IN HUNGARY
(LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY IN HUNGARY)

  • Author(s):Cecília Mezei
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Economy, Economic development
  • Page Range:181-190
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Local Economic Development; Regional Development; development tools; local actors; partnerships;
  • Summary/Abstract:The study deals with the practice of local economic development in Hungary and pays special attention to the role of local authorities. According to our interpretation, local economic development (LED) involves deliberate intervention in the local economy, in the course of which both internal and external resources may be used. This intervention may be initiated by external actors (e.g. central government, the European Union, foreign investment), but the key element of the process is the involvement of local actors who fulfil this role: those entities who accept, support or manipulate the conception of external development. The purpose of the article is to offer a brief review of the roles played by particular actors (e.g. central government, county authorities, Regional Development Associations and Councils [RDAs & RDCs]) – but principally by municipal authorities – in economic development in Hungary. The study highlights the problems of financing and planning LED and also looks at networking practices of local actors. The tools and strategies of local authorities pursuing development are reviewed and we attempt to analyse the level of success of local economic development in Hungary
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND REGIONAL ELECTRICITY MARKET IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND REGIONAL ELECTRICITY MARKET IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE
(INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND REGIONAL ELECTRICITY MARKET IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE)

  • Author(s):Nela Vlahinić-Dizdarević, Saša Žiković
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Economy, Energy and Environmental Studies, International relations/trade, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
  • Page Range:191-203
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:institutional capacity; Southeast Europe; regional electricity market; regulation;
  • Summary/Abstract:The implementation and benefits of regional electricity market (REM) in Southeast strongly depend on institutional capacity in these economies. At the same time, the appropriate level of institutional resources is crucial for SEE countries in order to benefit from the REM. The first step of institutional reforms is the establishment of national regulatory agency in the field of energy. All SEECs have adopted the EU reform model and established formally independent regulatory agencies, but the same model copied on those implemented in developed economies obviously is not a guarantee for an effective regulatory process. The failure of regulation in many less developed countries is the result of underestimation of the importance of the institutional capacity and institutional differences across countries, while the process of unbundling has made the regulatory task even more complex. The barriers for the regulator’s independency can be related to a shortage in human and administrative resources, a lack of political support for the reforms and regulator’s close connections to regulated industry. The second step of institutional reforms necessary for building REM considers regional cooperation and regional institutional activities. SEE countries have implemented the harmonized, uniform approach influenced by EU Directives in the energy sector and this approach requires extensive subordination of national interests. Harmonization is especially important in order to attract private investors because they will invest only if there is a high degree of certainty about transmission network access, regulatory transparency and predictability. Therefore the common regulatory framework within the region with the coordination of regional planning would create benefits for all the SEE countries.
COOPERATION FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATIONS: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF WESTERN BALKANS

COOPERATION FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATIONS: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF WESTERN BALKANS
(COOPERATION FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATIONS: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF WESTERN BALKANS)

  • Author(s):Jasmina Osmanković, Vanja Kenjić, Renato Zrnić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Education, Higher Education , EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
  • Page Range:205-216
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:education; regional cooperation; South-East Europe; development; competitiveness;
  • Summary/Abstract:Introducing the democratic parliamentarian system in ’90-es of the twentieth century, Western Balkans countries started transition processes. Some of the countries passed the war destruction challenges, as well as the post-war reconstruction experiences. Post-war experiences coincide with transitional effects, which make strong impact on socio-economic status of countries. Global recession impact and requirements of the EU pre-accession process represent the great challenges for countries of the region, which will unavoidably make influence on the higher education area, as well as on its role in the society. In the republics of former Yugoslavia, public educational institutions have had a central role in educational process, which led to inherited strong public orientation on public universities in newly formed countries. In the same time, higher education sector have unusual growth and strong diversification of educational programmes and institutions. Growth of the university system sometimes really meant division of some universities into smaller units, which came as consequence of war and fragmentation of territories and educational systems. Crisis of trust in faculties and universities also exists, and public authorities who finance higher education question the readiness of the higher education institutions to respond to the needs of students and other stakeholders in higher education field. The need to improve the regional cooperation, in order to strengthen the position of the public educational institution in the region, becomes the important question. Preserving the important societal role of the public educational institution, reaching the high quality standards and contributing to integrations of countries in EU represent the imperative of future activities. Initiative for continuous cooperation in South-East Europe region, started by the International offices of the public faculties/schools of economics in the region may be a step in the concrete progress of regional cooperation. The focus of this paper is the assessment of the possibilities for closer collaboration of public faculties/schools in Western Balkans region, and defining the possible advantages of joint activities. The assumption is that the collaboration will contribute to increase of competitiveness of the region, increase of know-how and experiences transfers, but also the increase in the attractiveness for the foreign students through the organization of joint study and research programmes. Additionally, paper will include possible effects on improving the image and relations with international accreditation bodies and faculties/schools, as well as the impact on costs of international presentations and study programmes organization.
THE CITY DIPOLE AS A REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT TOOL: THE CASE OF THE DIPOLE TRIPOLI-KALAMATA IN GREECE

THE CITY DIPOLE AS A REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT TOOL: THE CASE OF THE DIPOLE TRIPOLI-KALAMATA IN GREECE
(THE CITY DIPOLE AS A REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT TOOL: THE CASE OF THE DIPOLE TRIPOLI-KALAMATA IN GREECE)

  • Author(s):Eleni Athanasopoulou, Pavlos Dragoumanos, Nikolaos Giannakopoulos
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy, Rural and urban sociology, Economic development
  • Page Range:217-230
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:regional development; city dipole; Tripoli; Kalamata; Peloponnese;
  • Summary/Abstract:The voting of the National Plan for Regional and Sustainable Development in 2008, led to the creation of a holistic development planning in Greece. The scope of the Plan is to contribute to the development of Greece, depending on regional development and the best possible use of the natural resources. Upon setting the basic priorities and strategic directions for the holistic landscape development, the landscape organization of the national poles are of specific interest. The Plan puts the dipole Tripoli-Kalamata amongst the Secondary National Poles, which means that the dipole is on the third level, after the metropolitan centers and the primary national poles. Tripoli (~30.000 inhabitants) is the capital of the Peloponnese Region, situated at the center, whereas Kalamata (~55.000 inhabitants) is situated at the southern part of the Region. This dipole is setting a new regional structure for southern Greece, as this is the first time that these 90-km-apart middle sized Peloponnesian cities are bound together in this way, in any regional development plan. Until recently these two cities have been rather competitive. In «Kallicrates», a programme of wide transformation regarding Local Governance (municipalities and prefectures) starting on January 2011, Tripoli and Kalamata will be called upon playing their own development role in Peloponnese. Therefore, the function of the dipole can be a challenge and a regional development tool. This Paper examines the possible cooperation fields among the two cities, Tripoli and Kalamata, and searches the possibilities of the development of the two cities and the Region.
TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES AND WEST BALKAN

TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES AND WEST BALKAN
(TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES AND WEST BALKAN)

  • Author(s):Jasmin Hošo, Jasmina Osmanković, Dženan Đonlagić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, Economic development, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
  • Page Range:231-240
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:West Balkans; TNC; regional integration; EU macro-region; development;
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper focuses on testing the hypothesis that transnational companies contribute to regional integration and development of West Balkan countries. The testing procedure uses relevant methods (comparison, time series, panel analysis, interviewing method). The test is based on primary research, i.e. the prevalent use of primary sources. The analysis pertains to the 2004-2008 period. The area under research includes Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia. The focus is on the Tondach company experiences. Results of the research can be used in the context of considering the need and possibility for the establishment of the third macro-region in Europe, particularly within the framework of developing its development strategy.
AGROTOURISM AS A GENERATOR OF REGION DEVELOPMENT

AGROTOURISM AS A GENERATOR OF REGION DEVELOPMENT
(AGROTOURISM AS A GENERATOR OF REGION DEVELOPMENT)

  • Author(s):Marija Knežević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Agriculture, Rural and urban sociology, Economic development, Tourism
  • Page Range:241-248
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:tourism; agrotourism; rural tourism; agriculture;
  • Summary/Abstract:Agrotourism is a part of contemporary tourism and presents an essential factor of rural tourism in a rural environment, including all activities that occur with respect to tourism. It is based on the competitive advantage of the area, tradition, specificity of agriculture and people. The totality of these elements makes a complete tourist product, which provides the following services to the tourists: accommodation, rest on the farm, also various specific agricultural contents: getting the children acquainted with the farm animals, the presence during agricultural works, food production: bread, wine, brandy, food for winter, collecting medicinal herbs, tea, mushrooms, snails, as well as adventurous contents: riding, driving in horse-drawn carriages, teaching traditional crafts: production of cloth (weaving), crochet, embroidery, production of tools and similar. What is essential for an agricultural destination is its uniqueness and distinctiveness with regard to the competition. Bosnia and Herzegovina is very specific for it offers many different contents on a geographically narrow area which can be combined into a tourist product. As it becomes more attractive tourist destination, neglected agriculture is a factor that can significantly support the development of tourism in the entire region.
POSITION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE BALKANS IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

POSITION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE BALKANS IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
(POSITION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE BALKANS IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT)

  • Author(s):Maida Fetahagić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Regional Geography, Social development, Demography and human biology
  • Page Range:249-269
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:human development; human development indicators; inequality distribution; multidimensional poverty; Bosnia and Herzegovina;
  • Summary/Abstract:What position does B&H take in relation to the surrounding countries in terms of human development indicators? What kind of human development trends have been present in relation to the Balkan countries? What position does B&H take in the world? An effort to answer these questions will be made by analysis of B&H’s position in terms of human development indicators: Human Development Index, Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, Gender Inequality Index and Multidimensional Poverty Index for 2010. The context of human development is getting increasingly important, as the concept of human development is becoming a developmental paradigm of the 21st century. In the first Human Development Report that was published in 1990, the UN introduced the concept of human development, with holistic vision of development that puts people in the center of all developmental processes. After over 20 years of practice and academic papers on human development and capability approach, the latest HDR 2010 defines human development as a process of the expansion of people’s freedom to live long, healthy and creative life; to advance other goals they have reason to value; and to engage actively in shaping development equitably and sustainably on shared planet. (HDR 2010, p. 12) The report involved 169 countries, the classification of which was carried out in accordance with the achieved human development indicators. Bosnia and Herzegovina takes the 68th position, with the achieved HDI of 0.710, and belongs to the group of countries with high human development.
THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS: THE CASE OF THE GERMAN REGION SAXONY-ANHALT

THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS: THE CASE OF THE GERMAN REGION SAXONY-ANHALT
(THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS: THE CASE OF THE GERMAN REGION SAXONY-ANHALT)

  • Author(s):Balázs Páger
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, Economic history, Recent History (1900 till today), Social development, Economic development
  • Page Range:271-283
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:sustainability; re-industrialization; environmental industry; regional development;
  • Summary/Abstract:In the 21st century, the environment and the sustainability have gained more relevant role in the regional development. The old East German region and the Central-Eastern European regions are in similar position in this aspect. All of the East German regions had almost the same problems as the central and eastern European regions, because of the planned economy system between 1950 and 1990. They had an old industrial structure with big inequalities in the economy and it caused structural problems in the economy of this regions. The examined region, Saxony-Anhalt fell in deep economical depression after the political transition and the reunion of Germany, so it was necessary to work out some development strategies which can help the region to transform its economy. One of these development strategies is the re-industrialization with new innovative industries. The goal of this paper is to introduce a new knowledge- and innovation-based industry, which is built on the environment protection, and to analyze its developing effects on an East German region’s economy. I suppose it is important to analyze, how such a sustainable industry can grow up in an old industrial region. This research is based on the arrangements and initiations of the European Union, Germany and Saxony-Anhalt which are in connection with the environmental industry. It is the other important question of the paper, how these decisions and arrangements could support the development of the environmental industry, how this industry could take effect on the economical and social development of the region. The results are significant, the region could show the biggest development in the German environmental industry between 2005 and 2010 and the future of that industry seems to be really stable due to the infrastructural, educational and scientific backgrounds.
HEALTH TOURISM OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA-CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF INCLUSION IN THE EUROPEAN TOURISM FLOWS

HEALTH TOURISM OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA-CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF INCLUSION IN THE EUROPEAN TOURISM FLOWS
(HEALTH TOURISM OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA-CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF INCLUSION IN THE EUROPEAN TOURISM FLOWS)

  • Author(s):Igor Lacković, Vedran Milojica, Renato Zrnić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Health and medicine and law, Tourism
  • Page Range:285-297
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:health tourism; tourist offer of the Republic of Croatia; tourist offer of Bosnia and Herzegovina; competitive advantages; European Union tourism;
  • Summary/Abstract:Trends in the modern world tourist market are continuously changing, and the competitive game is getting tougher by the day. Tourist demand is becoming more demanding, and is looking for new experiences, quality vacations with the aim or relaxing and rejuvenating the mind and body overstrained by stresses of modern-day busy life. Health tourism has an important role in improving and preserving health. Recent researches have shown that the demand for this type of offer is growing by the day. The Republics of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have all the preconditions for the development of a top quality offer of this form of tourism, which would attract a great number of visitors, resulting in numerous advantages for both countries (awareness of the population about the benefits of health tourism, getting foreign currency revenue, increasing the number of work places, high positioning of both countries on the tourist market). Both countries possess all the necessary natural resources key for creating top quality tourist offer in the area of health tourism. However, these resources are as yet inadequately exploited. Local population hasn’t shown a big interest for this type of services until recently, which resulted in poor research and development of this form of tourism. European Union has placed a big challenge in front of the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina regarding the development of tourist offer. In order to create the identity of a world famous tourist destination, and become a payer in European and world tourism flows, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina must develop adequate guidelines of development in order to upgrade current obsolete tourist offer, and through adjustment of the offer to world and European quality standards achieve competitive advantages on the international tourist market.
ADAPTATION OF RURAL TOURISM OFFER OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA TO THE EUROPEAN UNION TRENDS

ADAPTATION OF RURAL TOURISM OFFER OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA TO THE EUROPEAN UNION TRENDS
(ADAPTATION OF RURAL TOURISM OFFER OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA TO THE EUROPEAN UNION TRENDS)

  • Author(s):Danijel Drpić, Vanja Kenjić, Vedran Milojica
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Rural and urban sociology, Tourism
  • Page Range:299-315
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:rural tourism; tourism offer; Republic of Croatia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; EU financial instruments;
  • Summary/Abstract:Tourism represents a mass movement of people which makes strong impact on many destinations, traditional or emerging ones. Traditional destinations are influenced in a different way than emerging ones, when introducing new types of tourism. They need to change the structure and content of the offer, use additional point of access to markets, and basically influence the very nature of its tourism. Emerging destinations are in position to review the best practices and adopt the most appropriate strategies for tourism development, having regard to sustainable types of tourism, such as rural tourism. Contemporary trends on today’s tourist market are characterised by daily drastic shifts in tourist offer development. Modern tourists are inclined towards traditional vacationing in seaside destinations. However, there is greater demand for quality and specific rural tourism services. Specific rural tourism offer bases its specific quality on rich tradition of the country, rich gastronomic-enological offer specific for the country, acquiring new knowledge through learning about old customs, traditions, specific qualities of the country and the region visited, etc. The focus of this paper is to asses the need for expansion of rural tourism in Republic of Croatia, as traditional (mainly „sun and sea“) destination and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as emerging tourism destination. Review of the best practices in EU member states and assessing the structure of the tourism in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina will result in recommendations and practical guidance for quality improvement, ways to use the EU financial instruments (funds and framework programmes) for (rural) tourism development.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF THE WESTERN BALKANS

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF THE WESTERN BALKANS
(ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF THE WESTERN BALKANS)

  • Author(s):Jasmina Osmanković, Emina Resić, Jasmin Hošo
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Regional Geography, Economic history, Economic development, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010)
  • Page Range:317-326
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:model; economic development; regional strategies; Western Balkans;
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper analyzes models of economic development of the Western Balkans including: Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia in the period 1952-1984 and first decade of the 21st century. The primary goal is to identify common elements and similarities, which could be the basis for considering the justification of profiling a joint regional strategy. The paper proves the hypothesis that the models of economic development in these countries are similar, or that have the necessary and sufficient number of common elements that seem worth profiling the common regional strategy.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT DIGRESSION ON AREA OF KAKANJ

RURAL DEVELOPMENT DIGRESSION ON AREA OF KAKANJ
(RURAL DEVELOPMENT DIGRESSION ON AREA OF KAKANJ)

  • Author(s):Mensur Jašarspahić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Economic history, Recent History (1900 till today), Rural and urban sociology, Economic development
  • Page Range:327-334
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Kakanj; Bosnia and Herzegovina; rural development;
  • Summary/Abstract:To explain the importance of rural development for Kakanj, we provide some introductory information. Municipality Kakanj occupies a central position in the the Sarajevo-Zenica valley, economically the most important and most densely populated region of BiH. The municipality has 46,000 inhabitants and covers an area of 377 km ². By railway Doboj-SarajevoPloče, the main road and the M17 motorway - Corridor VC it is associated with all centers in the BiH, and through them, with Europe and the world. In 1991 in the municipality of Kakanj there were 106 inhabited locations, and according to estimates of the Federal Bureau of Statistics, that number has remained the same in 2006. In the segment of the urban and rural population in 2006 there have been significant changes in relation to 1991.
CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS

CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS
(CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS)

  • Author(s):Author Not Specified
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Scientific Life
  • Page Range:335-336
  • No. of Pages:2
  • Keywords:conference participants;
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