W kręgu zagadnień języka, literatury i kultury. Księga jubileuszowa dedykowana Profesorowi Jarosławowi Wierzbińskiemu.
In the field of language, literature and culture. Jubilee book dedicated to Professor Jarosław Wierzbiński.
Contributor(s): Krystyna Ratajczyk (Editor), Agata Piasecka (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Language and Literature Studies, Literary Texts, Fine Arts / Performing Arts
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Keywords: Polish literature; history of language; history of literature; linguistics; semantics
Summary/Abstract: This book is connected with scientific jubilee of Professor Jarosław Wierzbiński. It is an expression of recognition of the achievements of the jubilee, who is concerned, among other things, with text linguistic, cultural linguistic, cognitive linguistic, semantics and stylistics, the linguistic organization of the literary text, the functioning of the categories of lexical semantics, artistic style and political discourse. The book contains the articles by Russianists, Polish philologists, Slavists and Anglicists of the faculty of philology at University of Lodz and other universities in Poland and abroad. The book includes linguistic, literary and cultural articles that reach deep into history and explore the present, which have the character of theoretical and methodological considerations and material contributions.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8220-906-8
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-8220-905-1
- Page Count: 280
- Publication Year: 2022
- Language: Russian, Polish
Słowo wstępne
Słowo wstępne
(Foreword)
- Author(s):Krystyna Ratajczyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Editorial
- Page Range:9-9
- No. of Pages:1
Słowo o Profesorze Jarosławie Wierzbińskim
Słowo o Profesorze Jarosławie Wierzbińskim
(A word about Professor Jarosław Wierzbiński)
- Author(s):Krystyna Ratajczyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Editorial
- Page Range:11-13
- No. of Pages:3
Bibliografia publikacji Profesora Jarosława Wierzbińskiego (wybór)
Bibliografia publikacji Profesora Jarosława Wierzbińskiego (wybór)
(Bibliography of publications by Prof. Jarosław Wierzbiński (selection))
- Author(s):Agata Piasecka
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Bibliography
- Page Range:15-25
- No. of Pages:11
Имена собственные в поэтических переводах Виктора Ворошильского
Имена собственные в поэтических переводах Виктора Ворошильского
(Proper Names in Poetic Translations by Viktor Voroshilsky)
- Author(s):Anna Bednarczyk
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):Poetry, Russian Literature, Translation Studies
- Page Range:27-52
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:translation; poetry; Voroshilsky; proper names
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of this research is to expose Wiktor Voroshilsky’s translation strategy, especially the translation methods and techniques he uses as the author of the Polish versions of Russian poems. Theorists of translation quite often pay attention to the problem of translation of proper names, exploring different contexts related to this issue. Bazyli Tichoniuk wrote about the translation of names within Polish and Russian at the time, while for other languages we can mention works by Ewa Teodorowicz-Hellman, Anna Szcześniak, Elżbieta Skibińska, Anna Majkiewicz, and Krzysztof Hejwowski. This article attempts to indicate a specific translator’s approach to translating proper names. The material under study consists of 25 poems selected from 211 works translated by Voroshilsky. The main selection criterion was the saturation of the poem with elements of interest to the authors, as well as their diversity. This determined the research method, which focused on analysing the repeatability and variety of translation techniques. Finally, we concluded that Voroshilsky employed different methods of translation, often guided by the function performed by the proper names in the text. We also paid attention to his objective to bring the text closer to the target audience and on the creativity of the translator.
«Белые лебеди» русской свадебной песни
«Белые лебеди» русской свадебной песни
(The White Swans of the Russian Wedding Song)
- Author(s):Piotr Czerwiński
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):Music, Russian Literature, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology
- Page Range:53-74
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:wedding ceremony; wedding ritual songs; folk traditional culture; folk Russian fairy tale; ethnosemantics; semiotics
- Summary/Abstract:The two selected sources (Siberian and north Russian wedding ceremonies) give semantic projections of “the white swan/pen” towards a fiancée. They are described as “a personal female, maternal, nursing and ancestral” element and a personification of girl’s mommy, dear sister(s), female friends, female relatives and of course the girl’s beauty which she must leave. The bride-to-be / fiancée is called a “cygnet” or a “white swan” in the songs performed by her female friends as well as by the family of her future husband. Her own ancestral element from her point of view is regarded as “swans,” “flock of swans.” On the other hand, from the point of view of the bridegroom, this is called “geese,” “flock of geese,” “goose’s.” Finally, the fiancée must leave her flock of swans to join her husband’s flock of geese. The above observations and their results are related to the folk traditions – in fairy tales, proverbs, catchphrases, and riddles.
Миссия послов Петра I-го и Саввы Лукича Рагузинского в Стамбуле в историко-культурном аспекте
Миссия послов Петра I-го и Саввы Лукича Рагузинского в Стамбуле в историко-культурном аспекте
(Missions of Peter I’s envoys and Savva Lukich Raguzinsky in Istanbul in the historical and cultural aspect)
- Author(s):Emine Inanır
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Social history, 17th Century, 18th Century
- Page Range:75-83
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Ambassadors of Peter I; Istanbul; Turkish-Russian relations; socio-cultural aura
- Summary/Abstract:The main purpose of the article is to analyse the mission of Peter I’s envoys and Savva Lukich Raguzinsky to Istanbul in the historical and cultural aspect. As commonly known, a significant period in the history of Turkish-Russian relations falls to the end of the 17th century and the first decades of the 18th century. This period coincides with the reforms of Peter the Great in Russia. As a result of the reforms, Russia begins to assimilate European cultural values, but at the same time it continues to show interest in its southern neighbours, namely the Ottoman Empire. In the late 17th century and in the early 18th century, along with the development of political and trade relations between Russia and Turkey, it became increasingly necessary for Peter I to have an experienced diplomat in the Ottoman Empire. The subject of Russian diplomats’ presence in Istanbul, which at that time was a point of encounter of both political interests and religious and cultural traditions of many groups and nations, is studied based on descriptions and reports of Russian ambassadors, the historical work “Diplomacy of Peter the Great” by N.N. Molchanov, the historical novel by Yuri Fedorov, “Russia is Calling for Duty” and Nikolai Pavlenko’s historical-fiction “Around Throne. Birds of Petro Nest. Passions around the Throne.” These works also name persons who assisted the ambassadors in collecting information about the state of the empire. Among these persons, there was a merchant of Serbian origin, Savva Lukich Vladislavich. The activities and entourage of the Russian envoys show the diversity of the ethno-cultural aura of both Istanbul and the Ottoman Empire.1
Wschodniosłowiański "graduśnik" ‘termometr’ w gwarach i historii języka polskiego
Wschodniosłowiański "graduśnik" ‘termometr’ w gwarach i historii języka polskiego
(East Slavic lexeme “graduśnik” (“thermometer”) in dialects and history of the Polish language)
- Author(s):Irena Jaros
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Applied Linguistics, Lexis, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology
- Page Range:85-94
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:history of Polish language; dialectology; vocabulary; East Slavic loanwords in Polish dialects
- Summary/Abstract:On the basis of Polish and East Slavic historical and dialect sources, the author discusses the genesis, history, and extent of the lexem “graduśnik” (“thermometer”) in the Polish language. It is the East Slavic loanword that appeared in the colloquial Polish language in the North- Eastern borderland and in some Polish dialects in the 19th century. It has never surfaced in the literary Polish language. It would always be considered a linguistic mistake. In Polish dialects, the lexeme was noted in Mazovia and Lesser Poland.1
Концепт Россия в «Мертвых Душах» Гоголя
Концепт Россия в «Мертвых Душах» Гоголя
(The concept of Russia in Nikolai Gogol’s poem, “Dead Souls”)
- Author(s):Aleksander Kiklewicz
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):Poetry, Semantics, Russian Literature
- Page Range:95-111
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Nikolai Gogol; “Dead Souls”; semantics; concept; imagology; image; Russia
- Summary/Abstract:The article presents an analysis of the concept of “Russia” in Nikolai Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”. The subject of linguistic analysis was 118 text fragments (simple and complex sentences), including the nouns “Russia” and “Rus” and the adjective “Russian”, which were examined from the point of view of the information about Russia contained in them. To analyse the language material, a facet technique was used, which made it possible to present the content of the concept of Russia at several levels: 1) categories of characteristics (facets); 2) characteristics of two types: organic (intrinsic) and axiological, while the article describes in detail the most frequent categories and characteristics. The study was carried out within the framework of linguistic culturalism and is based on the theory of functional semantics, in particular, on such areas as conceptology and imagology.1
К постановке вопроса о категории свободы в религиозно-философском ракурсе. Определение рамок свободы в избранных произведениях Людмилы Улицкой
К постановке вопроса о категории свободы в религиозно-философском ракурсе. Определение рамок свободы в избранных произведениях Людмилы Улицкой
(Addressing the Category of “Freedom” from a Religious and Philosophical Perspective. Defining the Scope of “Freedom” in Selected Works by Lyudmila Ulitskaya)
- Author(s):Zoja Kuca, Aleksy Kucy
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):Philosophy, Literary Texts, Russian Literature
- Page Range:113-128
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Ulitskaya; person; freedom; boundaries of freedom
- Summary/Abstract:The article is an attempt to analyse the category of freedom in the Russian religious and philosophical thought as well as interpreting this category in Lyudmila Ulitskaya’s selected works. The article offers some reflections on freedom in the view of Aleksey Khomyakov, Ivan Ilyin, Nikolai Berdyaev, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and other Russian intellectuals who considered is a substitutional element of human life and human functioning. The category of freedom presented in Lyudnila Ulitskaya’s works, “Daniel Stein”, “Interpreter”, and “The Kukotsky Enigma”, “About Body and Soul”, uncovers different facets of this phenomenon. The Russian writer approaches the multiplicity of interpretations of freedom through extraordinary figures, on the one hand, and through difficult subjects, on the other: human relations with God, survival of WW2, methods employed by the Soviet regime in their struggle with the Jews, the Holocaust. These are age-old themes in which the limits of freedom of an individual and the responsibility for the fate of others come to the fore.1
Teatr niemiecki w pismach i praktyce teatralnej Łesia Kurbasa. Przykład „Edypa króla”
Teatr niemiecki w pismach i praktyce teatralnej Łesia Kurbasa. Przykład „Edypa króla”
(German theatre in the writings and theatrical practice of Les Kurbas. An example of „King Oedipus”)
- Author(s):Małgorzata Leyko
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Theatre, Dance, Performing Arts, Drama
- Page Range:129-137
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:German drama and theatre versus Les Kurbas’s theatre; “King Oedipus” by Sophocles directed by Les Kurbas: Max Reinhardt versus Les Kurbas – a comparatist study
- Summary/Abstract:The article attempts to trace the influence of German drama and theatre on the theatrical thought and practice of the Ukrainian director Les Kurbas. His writings provide much evidence that he was very well versed in contemporary German drama and theatre. Using this knowledge, however, he wanted to transform it into his own stage solutions. Kurbas’s artistic independence was shown using the comparative method. The performance of “King Oedipus” directed by Max Reinhardt and Kurbas is compared. The basic materials come from the extensive edition of Les Kurbas’s theatrical writings in Polish.
Od apelatywu „wierzba” do antroponimu „Wierzbiński”
Od apelatywu „wierzba” do antroponimu „Wierzbiński”
(From the appellative of “wierzba” to the anthroponym of “Wierzbiński”)
- Author(s):Renata Marciniak-Firadza
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Theoretical Linguistics, Lexis, Baltic Languages
- Page Range:139-162
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:lexis; historical Polish; modern Polish; dialect; onomastics
- Summary/Abstract:The purpose of the article is to highlight connections of the common name of “wierzba” [Eng. “willow”] and the proper name “Wierzbiński”. The author discusses the etymology of the word “wierzba” and its meaning in the history of the Polish language, both in contemporary Polish and in its dialects. Next, the author explains the word and phraseological relationships with the “wierzba” appellative as well as with derived words, which are both common and proper names.The source material for the analysis was excerpted from dictionaries of the Polish language: etymological, general (explanatory: historical and contemporary dictionaries), dialectal, phraseological, and onomastic.
Transpozycje motywu triady nierozłącznych cnót w polskim piśmiennictwie okresu pozytywizmu i Młodej Polski
Transpozycje motywu triady nierozłącznych cnót w polskim piśmiennictwie okresu pozytywizmu i Młodej Polski
(Transposition of the motif of the triad of inseparable virtues in the Polish literature of positivism and Young Poland)
- Author(s):Bogdan Mazan
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Literary Texts, Studies of Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:163-181
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:faith; hope; love; positivism; Young Poland
- Summary/Abstract:Response of the Polish positivist and modernist writers to the biblical triad: faith, hope, and love has been the focal point of my research project. My aim was to trace a representative variety of references to these three motifs, both in their historical and timeless dimension. I was particularly concerned with outstanding, but all too often forgotten literary texts. A combination of traditional and contemporary research methods and critical approaches were used, such as hermeneutic fusion of cognitive horizons, intertextuality, and comparative cultural studies. My research brought to light numerous literary responses to faith, hope and love, of various artistic value, dealing mostly with basic human affairs but also with reactions reaching deeply into transcendence.
Między faktem a domysłem. Wyrażanie rezerwy prawdziwościowej na łamach portali informacyjnych
Między faktem a domysłem. Wyrażanie rezerwy prawdziwościowej na łamach portali informacyjnych
(Between the fact and the guess. Expression of a real reserve on information portals)
- Author(s):Julia Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Media studies, Communication studies, Sociology
- Page Range:183-192
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:imperceptivity; epistemic modality; recordability; truth’s reserve
- Summary/Abstract:The tendency to mark the truth’s reserve in the mass media, especially in electronic media, has been one of the qualities of the language of the press in recent years. This is seen both in the languages with a morphologized imperceptive modality (re-narration + truth’s reserve), and in the languages that do not have separate grammatical categories to stipulate truthfulness. Speaking of Slavic languages, the first of these types can be traced to the Bulgarian language. The Bulgarian linguists were the first to draw attention to the expansion of the so-called inferential mood in the mass media. The analysis of web portals shows that the need to shift responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided is equally widespread in Polish, which uses lexical exponents and paramorphological constructions for the same purpose.
Польский и русский языки в многоязычном словаре Ванвина (Vanwyn). “The polyglot, a collection of many Languages, nine thousand in general, or more customary words in ten mother tongues or idioms with Russian and Polish”
Польский и русский языки в многоязычном словаре Ванвина (Vanwyn). “The polyglot, a collection of many Languages, nine thousand in general, or more customary words in ten mother tongues or idioms with Russian and Polish”
(Polish and Russian in Vanwyn’s Multilingual Dictionary, “The Polyglot a Collection of Many Languages, Nine Thousand in General, or More Customary Words in Ten Mother Tongues or Idioms with Russian and Polish”)
- Author(s):Elena Nevzorova-Kmech
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Applied Linguistics
- Page Range:193-202
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:multilingual dictionaries; 19th century lexicography; Vanvin; Polish language; Russian language
- Summary/Abstract:The article is a general description of one of the multilingual dictionaries of the 19th century. The recent trend in lexicography has had a long tradition. Vanwin’s Polyglot is a little-known dictionary, but we find references to it in bibliographic reference books, one of which was compiled by the Polish linguist and bibliographer Karol Estreicher (he paid attention to this work while working on the book “Szwargot więzienny”, but did not use it due to lack of access to the edition). Vanvin’s multilingual dictionary reflects the transitional stage of the lexicography at the end of the 18th century and the middle of the 19th century and partly shows the state of national languages and the development of linguistic thought.The dictionary was published in Belgium in 1841. He waited for re-releases in other countries. Now we can find this work in the library catalogs of different countries with the title in French and in English. The full name contains basic information: eight languages and Polish-Russian idioms, nine thousand words, target user (secular person), scope (everyday use in life needs, trade, travel, law, army, navigation, hotel business).The article is a general description of one of the multilingual dictionaries of the 19th century. The recent trend in lexicography has had a long tradition. Vanwin’s “Polyglot” is a little-known dictionary, but we find references to it in bibliographic reference books, one of which was compiled by the Polish linguist and bibliographer Karol Estreicher (he paid attention to this work while working on the book “Szwargot więzienny”, but he did not use because he was not able to access the edition). Vanvin’s multilingual dictionary reflects the transitional stage of lexicography at the end of the 18th century and the mid-19th century and partly highlights the status of national languages and the development of linguistic thought.The dictionary was published in Belgium in 1841. It was also released in other countries. Today, the work can be found in the library catalogues of different countries with the title in French and English. The full name already provided some basic information: eight languages and Polish-Russian idioms, nine thousand words, target user (secular person), scope (everyday use in life needs, trade, travel, law, army, navigation, hotel business).The distribution of linguistic material in the dictionary follows the ideographic principle. Vocabulary organisation in sections is alphabetical (on the basis of the French alphabet). Our attention was given to the Polish and Russian parts. To cover these two Slavic languages, the author studied the works of E. I. Oldekop, V. N. Tatishchev, O. Kopczyńsky. By the form of transliteration of entries, as well as by comparing the meanings of words and phrases, it is clear that the author experienced obvious difficulties with the Russian part. His “mistakes” are valuable for us because they allow the restoration of the etymology of, for example, jargons.In addition, this lexicographic work furnishes country-specific cultural information. Similar dictionaries can only serve as additional sources for the study of interlingual relations.
Kategoria czułości w Olgi Tokarczuk „Prowadź swój pług przez kości umarłych.” Konceptualizacje metaforyczne
Kategoria czułości w Olgi Tokarczuk „Prowadź swój pług przez kości umarłych.” Konceptualizacje metaforyczne
(The category of tenderness in Olga Tokarczuk’s “Drive Your Plough Over the Bones of the Dead”. Metaphorical conceptualizations)
- Author(s):Beata Rycielska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Applied Linguistics
- Page Range:203-214
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:https://doi.org/10.18778/8220-905-1.15
- Summary/Abstract:The article describes the category of tenderness introduced to fiction and literary theory in the works of Olga Tokarczuk. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, it is regarded as a schematic concept which, in the conceptualization of a scene, is marked by positive expressions. At the same time, it is one of the cognitive domains constituting the conceptual content of positive emotions and feelings experienced towards the world, here, in particular, towards animals. The article discusses some possible types of conceptual metaphors and gives examples of their manifestations. Moreover, imaginative schemes are distinguished that are the basis of conceptualization of selected categories of the world presented in the work.
Ekspresja niewerbalna w "Sobowtórze" Fiodora Dostojewskiego
Ekspresja niewerbalna w "Sobowtórze" Fiodora Dostojewskiego
(Nonverbal expression in Dostoevsky's "The Double")
- Author(s):Dorota Samborska-Kukuć
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Literary Texts, Studies of Literature, Russian Literature
- Page Range:215-226
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Fyodor Dostoyevsky; “The Double”; nonverbal communication; body language
- Summary/Abstract:The article discusses how nonverbal communication in Dostoyevsky’s “The Double” is presented. It is a story about an official who fell into madness as a result of dehumanized interpersonal relations. Both, controlled and uncontrolled behaviours, are manifested by the body language. These reactions alternate, and they are a consequence of the protagonist’s emotional state made up of: his physical appearance, face expressions, visual imaging and vocal reactions, gestures, and forms of communicating with the outside world, paralleled or unparalleled by dialogues or monologues. The analysis of selected fragments of the work, which covers, above all, the non-verbal messages sent by Goladkin, and how they correlate with what he actually says, shows that the writer succeeded in creating an astonishingly accurate, even clinical, description of schizophrenia.
Semantyka kategorialna dla predykacji: uwagi wstępne
Semantyka kategorialna dla predykacji: uwagi wstępne
(Categorial semantics for predication: introductory remarks)
- Author(s):Piotr Stalmaszczyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Theoretical Linguistics, Semantics
- Page Range:227-234
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Semantics; categorial semantics; predication; generative grammar
- Summary/Abstract:The concept of predication has always been crucial for studies in linguistics, logic, and philosophy. This short note comments on a simplified version of categorial semantics for syntactic predication. The relation of predication has been analysed from semantic, syntactic, and ontological perspectives. The categorial semantics for predication proposed below aims at integrating various approaches, and it shows affinities to semantic numeration (based on the concept of numeration introduced in contemporary minimalist program of generative grammar), and employing the functional category of predication with relevant projections.
Anioł stróż/ ангел-хранитель w polskim i rosyjskim językowym obrazie świata
Anioł stróż/ ангел-хранитель w polskim i rosyjskim językowym obrazie świata
(Guardian angel (ангел-хранитель) in the Polish and Russian linguistic image of the world)
- Author(s):Ewa Straś
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Lexis
- Page Range:235-246
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:guardian angel; current meaning; Polish; Russian
- Summary/Abstract:The article is devoted to the perception of the guardian angel – a creature existing in the linguistic awareness of Poles and Russians. Due to a number of functions, the content of the collocation of “guardian angel” evolves. The purpose of the research is to compare the linguistic picture of guardian angel from both the traditional and contemporary perspectives. The analysis is based on the description and commentary concerning sample usages of selected lexemes in sentences. The research material has been excerpted from dictionaries and national corpora of both languages. Findings of the conducted analyses indicate a significant similarity in the perception of the idea of guardian angel in the Polish and Russian image of the world. Limits of metaphorisation determine possibilities of modifying the content of the lexemes; thus, they are considered open and broad.
O wierszu Gabriela Dierżawina poświęconym carowi Aleksandrowi I
O wierszu Gabriela Dierżawina poświęconym carowi Aleksandrowi I
(About Gabriel Derzhavin's poem dedicated to tsar Alexander I)
- Author(s):Anna Warda
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Language and Literature Studies, Poetry, Russian Literature
- Page Range:247-259
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:Gabriel Derzhavin; Alexander I; Catherine II; “To Tsarevich Khlor”
- Summary/Abstract:The subject of the article is a work of the famous poet of the turn of the 18th century, Gabriel Derzhavin. The work is dedicated to the favourite grandson of Catherine II, Alexander I. The poem is part of the so-called Felician cycle and is closely related to the moral and didactic fable, About “Tsarevich Khlor”, dedicated to Alexander I. Derzhavin’s poem does not only refer to the fairy-tale staffage but also shows a close relationship with the political and social reality of the time. The article also discusses the artistic value of this work, its content, and form.
Alegoryczne interpretacje mitów antycznych w literaturze staropolskiej
Alegoryczne interpretacje mitów antycznych w literaturze staropolskiej
(Allegoric interpretations of ancient myths in old Polish literature)
- Author(s):Maria Wichowa
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Language and Literature Studies, Applied Linguistics, Polish Literature
- Page Range:261-278
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Allegory; Ovid, “Metamorphoses”; Andrzej Zbylitowski; “Changes” by Walerian Otwinowski (1638)
- Summary/Abstract:Allegory is about seeing a double meaning in a work of art. In this particular text, literal and hidden meaning has a long history of both practical use in creating utterances and creating theories of pictorial communication. In the Old Polish era, the most representative examples of allegorical reading of myths are Andrzej Zbylitowski’s Renaissance translation of the story of Acteon from Ovid’s “Metamorphoses” and Walerian Otwinowski’ commentary in his translation of this work, which he intended to be used by students. Therefore, in the explanations placed on the margins of the translated text, he extracted the myth’s moral, theological, and philosophical truths. He also made an allegory of a Christianization of “pagan” beliefs, treating them as stories about false gods, under which the authors passed on knowledge about the Christian God, probably under his inspiration, because they did not know the Bible.