Unia Europejska w procesie zrównoważonego rozwoju w warunkach pandemii COVID-19
The European Union in the Process of Sustainable Development in the Conditions of the Covid-19 Pandemic
Contributor(s): Zofia Wysokińska (Editor), Janina Witkowska (Editor)
Subject(s): Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Transport / Logistics
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Keywords: European Union; Globalisation; circular economy; digitisation; international trade; capital movements; migrations
Summary/Abstract: W monografii p.t. Unia Europejska w Gospodarce światowej zaprezentowane zostały wyniki analizy i oceny pozycji Unii Europejskiej (UE) we współczesnej gospodarce światowej w kontekście dynamicznych zmian zachodzących w procesach globalizacji i międzynarodowej integracji gospodarczej. Gospodarka światowa definiowana jest tu jako system trwałych powiązań ekonomicznych, włączających gospodarki narodowe poszczególnych krajów w procesy produkcji i wymiany o zasięgu globalnym. W ostatnim 20-leciu należy podkreślić szczególnie silną pozycję UE we współczesnym świecie z punktu widzenia wspierania przez nią koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju, a także jej roli jako prekursora we wdrażaniu Agendy Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych 2030. Komisja Europejska, jako główny organ wykonawczy UE promuje rozwój ukierunkowany na zwiększenie wykorzystania technologii niskoemisyjnych i źródeł czystej energii oraz aktualizuje przepisy, aby ułatwić niezbędne inwestycje prywatne i publiczne w tych dziedzinach. Jest to bowiem korzystne nie tylko dla planety jako całości, lecz również dla poszczególnych gospodarek oraz konsumentów. Idea zrównoważonego rozwoju stała się punktem wyjścia na drodze do gospodarki cyrkularnej, jako tej koncepcji, która odchodzi od dotychczasowego modelu gospodarczego, opierającego się na stałym wzroście i czerpie z wzorca rozwoju, w ramach którego nic się nie marnuje, a odpady, jeśli powstają, są wykorzystywane jako surowiec.
Series: Uniwersytet Łódzki
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8220-934-1
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-8220-933-4
- Page Count: 188
- Publication Year: 2022
- Language: Polish
Unia Europejska w handlu międzynarodowym na drodze do zrównoważonej gospodarki cyfrowej w warunkach pandemii COVID-19
Unia Europejska w handlu międzynarodowym na drodze do zrównoważonej gospodarki cyfrowej w warunkach pandemii COVID-19
(The European Union in International Trade on the Path to a Sustainable Digital Economy Under the Covid-19 Pandemic)
- Author(s):Zofia Wysokińska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Economy
- Page Range:13-63
- No. of Pages:51
- Keywords:European Union; digital economy; international trade; Digital Compass; e-commerce
- Summary/Abstract:The chapter aims to answer the following question: How has the European Union’s international trade developed in terms of goods and geography in the last two years, and to what extent has it been resilient to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic?. The results of the conducted research show that the global economy experienced a huge decline in trade in goods and services during the COVID-19 pandemic. World trade in goods fell by 7.4% in 2020, which means that global exports amounted to USD 17.6 trillion, i.e., USD 1.4 trillion less than in the previous year. It was the largest annual decline since the 2009 recession, when trade fell by 22%. However, a much stronger decline was recorded in world trade in services, which in 2020 shrank by 20% compared to 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the dynamic development of global e-commerce was noted. According to the data presented in the UNCTAD report of May 3, 2021, global e-commerce increased to USD 26.7 billion. Business-to-business (B2B) sales dominate in e-commerce. E-commerce accounts for 30% of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) and covers both business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) sales.
Bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne a równoważenie rozwoju Unii Europejskiej: aspekty ekologiczne
Bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne a równoważenie rozwoju Unii Europejskiej: aspekty ekologiczne
(Foreign Direct Investment in the Process of the Sustainable Development of the European Union: Ecological Aspects)
- Author(s):Janina Witkowska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Economy
- Page Range:65-98
- No. of Pages:34
- Keywords:European Union; foreign direct investment (FDI); sustainable development; green business; investment policy
- Summary/Abstract:This chapter aims to examine the role of foreign direct investment in the process of sustainable development of the EU and to answer two questions: (1) to what degree could international business contribute to the development of a “green economy” under uncertainty caused by pandemic COVID-19?; (2) in which way could host countries attract “green” and socially responsible foreign direct investment (FDI)? The statistical analysis of international business involvement in the EU economy in environmentally harmful sectors/industries indicates that the share of such investments in most member states did not exceed 20% of the total FDI stocks in 2015–2020. The structure of investments changed in the case of half of the analyzed countries towards sectors/industries that were less harmful to the environment. These changes allow concluding that international business contributed to the ecological transformation of the EU. On the other hand, changes in the structure of FDI stocks located abroad by the EU Member States in 2015–2020 in environmentally harmful sectors/industries were multidirectional. The involvement of foreign direct investors in the new EU Member States in sectors important for implementing the Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs of the 2030 Agenda was not very high. It was characterized by high volatility and did not play a significant role in their economies. Attracting “green FDI” and socially responsible investments requires changes in the policy towards foreign investors. These should include facilitating foreign investment aimed at sustainable development, incentives for investors to engage in “green investments”, and making investment agreements more flexible to combat climate change.
Wyzwania dla nowej wspólnej polityki rolnej w kontekście zielonego ładu oraz zrównoważonego rozwoju Europy w dobie pandemii COVID-19
Wyzwania dla nowej wspólnej polityki rolnej w kontekście zielonego ładu oraz zrównoważonego rozwoju Europy w dobie pandemii COVID-19
(Challenges for the New Common Agricultural Policy in the Context of the Green Deal and Sustainable Development of Europe in the Covid-19 Pandemic)
- Author(s):Anna Rydz-Żbikowska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economy
- Page Range:99-128
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:sustainable development; sustainable agriculture; European Green Deal; Common Agricultural Policy
- Summary/Abstract:The COVID-19 pandemic introduced profound changes in the global economy, disrupted the functioning of many key sectors (transport, energy, agriculture, gastronomy), thus exposing the weakness of existing management systems and planning. On the other hand, the pandemic has drastically affected the quality of life and work of societies around the globe. Furthermore it has also hampered efforts to implement number of strategies aimed at innovative economic growth and climate change alleviation, which includes, inter alia, The European Green Deal Strategy. Sustainable food systems and organic farming are a prerequisite for the health of societies, the proper care of the environment and a good future for our planet, and are therefore a priority objective of the European Green Deal, the EU's sustainable and inclusive growth strategy. The aim of this chapter is to identify the greatest challenges for the New Common Agricultural Policy in the context of the Green Deal, as well as to identify the most important activities supporting sustainable development in Europe in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter is also an attempt to determine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the agricultural market in the European Union and Poland. The research methods used in the chapter include the analysis of available documentary and literary sources relating to the issues discussed, the development of appropriate statistical research and the use of a deductive approach in drawing conclusions from reports of international organizations.
Zrównoważony rozwój turystyki w dobie pandemii COVID-19 – przykład państw Bałkanów Zachodnich kandydujących do Unii Europejskiej
Zrównoważony rozwój turystyki w dobie pandemii COVID-19 – przykład państw Bałkanów Zachodnich kandydujących do Unii Europejskiej
(Sustainable Development of Tourism in the Time of the Covid-19 Pandemic - The Example of Western Balkan Countries Candidate to the European Union)
- Author(s):Radosław Dziuba
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Economy, Tourism
- Page Range:129-161
- No. of Pages:33
- Keywords:economics; sustainable development; regional specializations; european integration; Covid19 pandemic; Western Balkans
- Summary/Abstract:The economic crisis in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic showed that many integrating countries experienced a number of economic disturbances. The implementation of strategic actions taken in the aspect of integration and development of the European Union has become highly endangered. One of the new strategic activities in the last financial perspective in 2014-2020 was the reform of the EU cohesion policy, the main pillar of which is the development of S3 smart specializations. The fundamental aspect of the adopted strategy has become the necessity to seek economic specialization of regions, thus increasing the chance of increasing competitiveness and deepening regional innovations in the international arena. A particularly important aspect in the context of the implementation of smart specialization strategies is stimulating regions with coherent economic growth potential, e.g. development of the tourism sector in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. At the same time, the tourism sector has become one of the sectors of the economy that suffered significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was particularly felt in countries with a high share of income from the tourism sector in GDP. Such countries are the coastal countries of the Western Balkans involved in the implementation of the European Union's S3 smart specialization strategy in the tourism area. Montenegro is a country that stands out in this respect, which has been consistently implementing the process of accession to the European Union in recent years. The purpose of the following chapter is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourist sector of the Western Balkan countries on the example of Montenegro and the resulting recommendations for the development of innovation in accordance with the principles of sustainable tourism development in the context of the European Union's S3 smart specialization strategy.
Zmiany w polskim sektorze tekstylno-odzieżowym w warunkach pandemii COVID-19 w świetle polityk EU i jego perspektywy na przyszłość
Zmiany w polskim sektorze tekstylno-odzieżowym w warunkach pandemii COVID-19 w świetle polityk EU i jego perspektywy na przyszłość
(Changes in the Polish Textile-Clothing Sector in the Conditions of Covid-19 Pandemic in the Light of EU Policies and its Prospects for the Future)
- Author(s):Tomasz Czajkowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):Economy
- Page Range:163-181
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:Textile–clothing sector; EU policies; prospects; Poland; COVID-19 pandemic; changes
- Summary/Abstract:Innovations and high technologies are basis for rapid economic development both at the macro- and microeconomic level. However, sometimes the market situation, not only local, but also global, forces more dynamic pace of implementing innovations to the economic activity. That is exactly what happened, inter alia, in the Polish textile-clothing sector as a result of a worldwide event, which was impossible to predict – the COVID-19 pandemic. In its result the companies were forced to change its business models and to implement many digital solutions to their economic activity. The reasons for that were, inter alia, the so-called lockdowns introduced in many countries, new regulations concerning remote work, necessity of saving by the consumers because of uncertain future, or due to changing trends that influence the whole market significantly. In the chapter the most recent available market data for the textile-clothing sector in Poland and the EU are presented and analysed, as well as the prospects for its development in the light of COVID-19 pandemic influence and current EU policies, that concern circular economy, digitalisation or more broadly industry 4.0. An attempt of determining a very initial influence of the Russia-Ukraine war on the textile-clothing sector is also undertaken.