Normatywne a ekonomiczne ujęcie regulacji ekologicznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli grup interesu w ich kształtowaniu
Ecological regulations and interest groups in protection of natural environment

Summary/Abstract: Explanation of ecological regulation can be based on the normative theory of regulation or on the economic theory of regulation, which came into being on the basis of the new institutional economy. A common feature of all theories of regulation is the assumption that a country’s assistance in the market’s coordination role is necessary also in the field of protection of the natural environment. The normative theory of regulation justifies the necessity of regulating markets from the imperfections of the market mechanism. The economical theory of regulation treats state regulations as a specific market of regulation services also in the field of protection and usage of the natural environment. This market emerges to satisfy the expectations of various interest groups, politicians, administrative officials, companies demanding such regulations, regulation agencies and consumers. Ecological regulations are the result of the play of interests between subjects demanding regulations (particular producers, manufacturers, groups of trade producers, business organizations, ecological organizations, consumers organizations, etc.) and the supply (created by particular politicians, political parties and party coalitions as well as bureaucracy), although it is granted that each subject is concerned with maximizing benefits. The fundamental influence on raising ecological regulations has interest groups interested in the implementation of regulations which give them particular benefits.

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