William Graham Sumner – liberał konserwatywny
William Graham Sumner – A Conservative Liberal

Introduction

Summary/Abstract: William Graham Sumner (1840–1910) is considered as one of the greatest conservative liberals and the father of American sociology. As an epigone of 19th-century laissez-faire, individualism and political freedom, he influenced both American conservatism and libertarianism. Th e author of The Forgotten Man highly valued ideals of voluntarism. Among other arguments, he strongly condemned organized public aid, in particular benefits for unemployed but fi t to work. Humanity, he believed, is expressed fully in an independent and responsible person. Although it is a subject of some controversy in American literature, Sumner is generally regarded as a social Darwinist.

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