Rozliczanie czasu pracy w podmiotach gospodarczych prowadzących działalność na terenie Polski oraz w poszczególnych państwach Unii Europejskiej
Working Time Accounts in Business Entities Operating in Poland and Other Member States of European Union

Summary/Abstract: Working time is an extremely important matter comprising multifaceted practical and theoretical issues. Working time planning and organisation is an area of interest of management sciences, HRM in particular. It goes without saying that the diversity of work requires diverse working time which, in turn, is subject to a variety of legal restrictions. This study paper only touches upon selected issues and focuses on working time differences between EU countries and Poland. This is its main objective. To this end it analyses the data from the Polish National Office for Statistics (GUS) for Poland, and the data placed on the Eurostat website for other EU countries. Polish laws and regulations on working time are enshrined in the Labour Code. In terms of Art. 22 section 1 Labour Code, by entering into an employment relationship an employee undertakes to deliver a defined kind of work for the employer and under their direction, while the employer undertakes to employ the employee for a compensation. Art. 128 section 1 Labour Code provides that working time is the time when the employee is at the disposal of the employer in the work place or another designated location where the work is to be done. Notably, working time not only includes the actual performance of the work commissioned, but the employee’s physical and mental readiness to perform the work at the designated work place. Within the European Union each member state applies their own legislation to regulate the maximum working time limits. In practice,such laws and regulations frequently only provide the framework for regulating the workingtime, as the applicable standards are often negotiated between employees, representedby trade unions, and employers. It is not easy to appreciate all working time factors.Working time is inextricably connected with the existing law, as well as economic,social, and political aspects. Also, it looms large in the employer-employee relationship.

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