Східні елементи в операх Дж. Пуччіні
Oriental elements in the operas of G. Puccini

Summary/Abstract: The article focuses on implementation of images and the oriental culture in the opera works of John. Puccini. On the example of the opera «Turandot» and «Cio-Cio-San» we take a look on the principles of musical and artistic expression of Japanese and Chinese subjects, as well as musical and dramatic features of these works. The name John. Puccini associated one of the most important stages in the development of European opera, which marked the final period of classic Italian vocal tradition and opens new horizons for the development of the genre of opera. One of the factors significant upgrade traditional opera composer's aesthetic appeal was subject to the east, which in many ways has stimulated new principles of musical expression and the ideological content of musical and theatrical works. Two opera J.. Puccini, directly facing to the east of the plot - "Cio-Cio-San" and "Turandot" are an integral part of most of the world opera repertoire theaters. Accordingly, these operas are in demand in the modern vocal performance practice and discussion of their stylistic specificity important for a singer-performer. Despite the popularity of "eastern" J. operas. Puccini, the theoretical aspects of the specificity of the individual style of opera images is rarely become the subject of musicological interest. Thus, the musical-dramatic incarnation features images of the main characters of the opera are not specifically investigated. The turn of XIX-XX centuries in European art marked by very significant changes in the field of art and music as well. Intense search for a new meaningfulness of art, new means of expression, a whole - a new style, led to complex and ambiguous processes in all areas of creativity. In this period, the art of music associated with the updating of the traditional genre and style standards, and the trend to rethink the classical music culture brought to life the idea of "new music", which was to bring new ideas and themes, the new musical content and a new musical language. These processes have touched virtually all areas of professional musical creativity, and the opera became the music genre, which has accumulated a key stylistic trends of his time. In the era of musical theater turn of the century formed the new concept of music and performing arts, many composers strive to reform the genre of opera. This creative installation implemented in different ways in different European school of composition. Most researchers, musicologists say that for a given historical period of European musical art is very significant fact is the interest in oriental imagery and themes. Indeed, the European culture from the end of XIX century shows an increased interest in the East, which, on the one hand, is perceived as an exotic, as "wonderful and mysterious world" on the other - as a powerful cultural tradition, but "alien" and unfamiliar. In this regard, to talk about cultural dialogue East-West, which later, throughout the twentieth century became the main line of development of European art. Indicative in this sense, and Italian Opera Verismo, which represented J. Puccini is actively developing the eastern theme and significantly enriched at the expense of the drama and the musical language of the European opera. Impact of Japanese and Chinese art to the European art world, which developed under the banner of the "discovery" of the culture of the Far East, has stimulated the emergence of original creative refractions "foreign" culture of European composers in his operatic works. If we consider the influence of the Eastern element in the technical level of operatic works, it manifests itself in peculiarities of the libretto, drama and musical language. In the context of these considerations the opera "Turandot" by the Italian composer J. Puccini is a unique example of the influence of Eastern culture on the European musical art of the early XX century: it is a popular European opera, the plot of which is historically associated with ancient oriental legends and events are taking place in China, in Beijing. Thus, treatment J.. Puccini to the east subject in his operas was the most important link in the development of cultural interaction between East and West in the XX century. Implementation of images of Chinese and Japanese culture in the opera "Turandot" and "Madama Butterfly" is original concept of the opera composer of works: East can be interpreted as "conditional" exotic element, a colorful and mysterious world of European ("Turandot"), but the East and may be moral and ethical opposition to Western culture ("Madame Butterfly"). East element in the opera J.. Puccini caused their characteristic musical flavor, originality of their musical language (pentatonic scale as a basis Lado-harmonic organization of musical material, sound imitation Eastern instruments and the like), drama (the compositional principles of statics and an epic drama), type heroes and characters (conditional hero character masks).

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