Індустріальний туризм: світовий досвід
Industrial tourism: international experience

Summary/Abstract: Industrially tourism, as a new cultural practices of mobility has been developed in the second half of the 60s of XX century. The beginning of industrial tourism can be considered as the first half of XX century, when European companies have begun to open their doors for tourists. At the beginning of XXI century, these trips have become more accessible. In 2007, almost all West European businesses and U.S. companies were open for tourists – tours began spending for promotional purposes. The first to studying of these cultural phenomena have turned Western scientists D. Makkennel, A. Liu, J. Kelly, B. Dickson, E. Inskir, R. Prinis, J. Swarbrooke, R. Yalе, etc. Later, to the study of industrial tourism have turned scientists from Russia, Ukraine and China. The first theoretical work in this field were devoted to the conceptualization of tourism industrial sights and their typology. Have appeared first empirical studies of perception of industrial tourist attractions by visitors. The purpose of the article is to explore the history of the formation, development and study of industrial tourism as a new form of tourism behavior and practices. In 60-es of XX century in the UK it was established a public organization for residents of industrial centers, known as The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH). The driving forces of these processes were rapid changes in production, when society in advanced countries moved from industrial to post-industrial stage, industries were closed, and the question arose what to do next with their buildings and equipment. The process of humanization of social consciousness, characterized by the growth of public interest in history and culture, including industrial, not just regional or national, but also global started. The interest in using industrial heritage in educational and tourism purposes increased. Campaigners argued for the preservation of industrial facilities as historico – cultural monuments and important elements of the socio-cultural environment of modern society. Media helped popularize industrial tourism. Lots of magazines, books, documentaries and television programs on the theme of urban and industrial research led to the fact that Europe was hit by a boom in industrial tourism. In the early 1980s held the first organized tours to industrial facilities. For foreign world experience the industrial heritage – is, above all, the monuments of mass industrial production relating to the period from the end of XVIII to the middle of XX century These are companies, stations, energy production, etc., as well as devices and mechanisms constructed on an individual or mass projects. The educational value of industrial heritage based on three main criteria. First – is technology invented by man. Secondly, it is the social value that includes working conditions and lifestyles, as well as the relationship between people and their ability to resolve conflicts. The third criterion – is ecological value, in particular, the environmental change, which occurs in the process of production. The objects of industrial heritage are attracting the attention of a large number of tourists. Currently, there are many examples of old industrial objects that have found the economic future through industrial tourism. Possibility for development object as monument – now is one of the main factors that help to preserve the industrial heritage, particularly in former industrial areas, seeking for a new basis for advancing their economy. The industrial tourism is becoming more important and for local administration, and for the owners of these objects. Opportunities that can ensure economic growth in the region using industrial heritage also were the important stimulus to preserve industrial facilities. For example, the German city Essen, which representing one of the centers of the Ruhr area, in 2010 came in a number of European Capital of Culture. This solution of the European Union gives Germany the opportunity to demonstrate their achievements in case of social and economic transformation of the area in front of which only a few decades ago, loomed a threat to develop into a one more "rusty belt". The experience of Essen can become an object lesson for some cities of the former USSR, been industrial centers in the past, now turning to complete desolation. Very often excursions to the operating companies is an additional "burden" to other travel brands, that is why most popular are items that are brands of specific cities, for example Rotterdam port complex or "Rolex" plant in Zurich. In the European Union there are travel companies that offer tours of unknown corners of European cities. Modern industrial tourism is well developed in the United States, in the European countries like France, Britain, Germany and the Netherlands. France distinguished by a special development of this type of tourism – more than 1.7 thousand companies offer excursions on their areas, shops and manufacturing facilities. Some countries specialize in thematic industrial and manufacture tours. For example, in the UK leader in visiting by tourists is productive confectionary Cadbury, and in Spain wine tourism is leading, in France – cheese tours, in the Netherlands "flourishes" floral tourism, and Finland is famous for its glass blowing factories and permanent specialized tours for them. The rapid development of industrial tourism should cause scientific interest to itself. The first scientific discipline, the subject of study of which was an industrial heritage, was the industrial archeology. In some countries, at the universities were established departments of industrial archeology. The scientific discussion concerning industrial tourism was revolved first of all around definition of "industrial tourism" itself, due to the lack of uniqueness in the definition. Firstly, the term "industrial tourism" has various meanings: in particular, in the U.S., some use the term "industrial tourism" when talking about commercial approach to tourism, about maximizing return on investment. From this point of view, according to Abby, industrial tourism provides for tourism marketing as a commodity for sale to mainstream consumers [15]. Secondly, to describe the same phenomenon using other terms. In some cases, it's just a difference in language: Industrietourismus (German), tourisme industriel (French), industrieel toerisme (Dutch), turismo industrial (Spanish), turisme industriale (Italian), etc. However, for today, there is a situation in some countries, that industrial tourism is associated mainly with visiting working companies, while in other countries it refers to a visit to the Industrial Heritage (inactive production). Among the scientists also observed some differences in the interpretation of the definition of industrial tourism. The reasons that motivate people to pay their attention to industrial tourism is also arouse scientific interest. Lovers of industrial tourism formulate the reasons for their capture of it in different ways. Interest to industrial tourism is also a sign of new youth subcultures that have appeared in the late XX – early XXI century and were previously unknown. To "industrial" subcultures include also Rivethead ("industrialnyk"), Diggers, Stalkers. Thus, industrial tourism, which began to develop rapidly from the second half of the twentieth century, became a new form of tourism behavior and practice, as well as a reflection of global trends to the mythologizing of technology and urbanism, particularly in the youth environment, and for many operating companies in Europe and the U.S. industrial tourism has become one of the most effective marketing tools. Ukraine has a significant potential of industrial heritage, so industrial tourism for it has a great promise. There are already some experience and scientific achievements in this field, which in its turn require a special scientific understanding and synthesis.

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