Типы российских дворянок начала XX В. По отношению к собственной фертильности и материнству
Types of Russian noblewomen in early XX century. With respect to their own fertility and motherhood

Summary/Abstract: On the bases of numerous ego-documents, using biographic and psychoanalysis methods, the author outlines four general types of noblewomen in the gender system of Russian society in the early XX c. The negation of maternity and family values was represented by «new women» (feminists, nihilists) who considered maternity as the form of their personal freedom restriction. «Erotomaniacs» opposed feminine sexuality to maternal one. The social cultivation of maternal duty brought some noblewomen back to the family by means of «deliberate maternity». Women's need for the new kinds of gender identity adoption led to the «universal mothers» appearance. They defended free maternity, right to women's fertility restriction in the name of public activities. The state maternity support was aimed to help them.

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