Uutest perekonnanimedest Eesti-Ingeris ja nende panekust 1922. aastal
New family names in Estonian Ingria and their giving in 1922

Summary/Abstract: Estonian Ingria was a small part of the historical Ingria, which belonged to the Republic of Estonia from 1920–1946. Ingrians, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Russians and a few Votes inhabit this territory. The Lutheran Finns and Estonians have family names of their native languages. Among them, a new surname was given only to a small number of people who considered their names unpleasant. The Finns chose mostly characteristically Finnish names, in some instances Estonian names and only in one case a German-sounding name. The Ingrians, who had hitherto had Russian family names, got Finnic names: either an Estonian (more frequently) or a Finnish/Ingrian name in 1922. The new family names represent Estonian, Ingrian or Finnic common nouns, Estonian artificial names, and translations and transformations of former surnames. The Estonian and Finnish/Ingrian family names are mostly related to nature. The majority of the Estonian-sounding names are connected to designations of plants or their parts: Kask (cf. kask ‘birch’), Kuusk (‘fir’), Käbi (‘cone’), Leht (‘leaf’), Lill (‘flower’), Sammal (‘moss’), Õun (‘apple’), and others. Among them, the tree names are the most common. Lillepärg (‘garland of flowers’), Roosioks (‘rose-spray’), and Õunapuu (‘apple-tree’) are compounds. Allikas (‘fountain’), Järv (‘lake’), Kaasik (‘birch wood’), Kalju (‘rock’), Mägi (‘mountain’) and others denote natural complexes and natural places. Kivisoo (‘stone marsh’) and Marjasoo (‘berry marsh’) are compounds. Kala (‘fish’), Kaur (‘loon’), Kotkas (‘eagle’), Põdra (‘elk’, gen.), Sääsk (‘mosquito’) and others are derived from designations of animals. Family names comparable to names of diverse things and materials, like Kangas (‘woven material’), Lennuk (‘airplane’), Raud (‘iron’), and Sirp ‘sickle’, are not frequent. The names of countries (e.g. Rootsi ‘Sweden’), natural phenomena (Tuisk ‘snow-storm’), professions (Kalamees ‘fisherman’) et al. are rare. Among the Finnish/Ingrian family names, those which denote animals are the most frequent. These include Hauki (cf. Fin., Ing. hauki ‘pike’), Joutse (Fin., Ing. joutsen ‘swan’), Kajava (Fin. kajava, Ing. kajjava ‘gull’), Lohi (Fin., Ing. lohi ‘salmon’), Varonen (Fin. varoi ‘crow’) and others. The family names Koivune (cf. Fin., Ing. koivu ‘beach’), Lehtine (Fin., Ing. lehti ‘leaf’), Mansik (Fin. mansikka, Ing. mantšikka ~ mantsikka ‘strawberry’) etc. are comparable to designations of plants and their parts. Ahone (cf. Fin. aho ‘fallow; treeless plain), Joki (Fin., Ing. ‘river’), Tammikko (Fin. ‘oak grove’) and others denote natural complexes and places. The names of things and materials are reflected by the family names Kauppa (Fin. ‘goods, wares’), Padanen (Fin., Ing. pata ‘pot’), Silkki (Fin. ‘silk’) and others. The other name types, like Timmo (a first name), Suomalainen (‘Finn’) et al., are very rare. Some new family names resemble former Russian surnames, like Hitro (from Hitrov, cf. Rus. хитрый ‘sly’), Pahval (from Bahvalov), and Russian common nouns, e.g. Kalina (cf. калина ‘guelder-rose’). The Estonian and Finnish/Ingrian surnames are partly derived also from Russian family names: Kalamees from Kalašnikov, Marjasoo from Morozov. Exceptionally, some last names are bor- rowed from other languages (German, Latvian, Polish).

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