Помагала в килийните училища
Textbooks and School Aids in the Cell Schools

Summary/Abstract: In structure and purpose the school aids used in the cell schools do not correspond in all cases to contemporary ideas and requirements, but they were satisfactory enough in the system of school organization which existed at the time and the teaching needs which appeared. School aids are classed in three groups: aids for the teacher, aids for the pupil and general aids. Various materials were used for making these aids: wood, iron, lead, leather, paper, etc. Considered in connection with the use which was to be made of them, aids in the cell schools are pedagogical material, but the manner in which they were made classes them as original ethnographic articles. They were chiefly made by hand and non-standard, and have the aspect of original and talented work. The fifteen examples found: divan (minder), a shelf, falaga (a board like stocks, to which the culprit's legs were attached when he was beaten on the soles of his feet), a stick, a panakida (a small, wax-covered board used as a slate), a chisel, a pallet, parchment, a quill, made of a goose or eagle's feather , a divit (portable inkpot), a board for letters and figures, an abacus, a telegraph (orougiitsa) and a primer, were found in various towns and villages of the country: Kotel; Bozhentsi and Lovnidol, near Gabrovo; Samokov; Vurbeshnitsa and Kameno Pole, Vratsa district, etc. The most valuable of them are the panakida found in Kameno Pole, Vratsa district, the divit found in Sofia, and the primer, printed in Vienna.

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