Probleme të njësive sintaksore (togfjalëshi dhe sintagma)
PROBLEMS OF THE SYNTACTIC UNITS (THE WORD-GROUP AND THE PHRASE)

Summary/Abstract: In Albanian syntaxes and other syntactic studies, the word-group is recognized by a study of S. Floqi since 1968. Many issues related to wordgroups were opposed by H. Agani in 1975, but they passed unnoticed. In our point of view, the word-group should be considered as a phrase. The phrase can also be a single word and accordingly it should be a syntactic unit between the word and the sentence which might be referred to while making its syntactic analysis. The recognition of the predicative word-group (the relationship between the subject and the predicative) extends the concept of the word-group itself. For us and other linguists as well, the relationship between the subject and the predicative is not accepted as a word-group but they both make the sentence. This is better explained with regards to the thematic roles. Accepting the structure of the word-group as composed of only two notional words, limits it considerably. This point has been criticized by H. Agani. So, this limitation does not explain the types of sentences such as the one-member sentences e.g. Nisemi, Mëngjes, Vetëtin. Definite articles should be considered as part of the phrase, because they are equivalent to the indefinite article or demonstrative pronoun plus indefinite noun constructions. From the structural point, ky djalë, is equivalent to djalë-i. Not only notional words, but also functional words like prepositions, should be considered as members of the word group. They act as head words of PPs, because they denote a relationship and govern a case. This consideration leads to a deeper understanding of the hierarchical structure of the sentence. Possessive articles like i ati and those denoting ethnic nouns like i bregas should not be seen as elements of the phrase, but as remains of historical developments. The phrase theory unlike the word-group theory, accepts patterns of coordination. Në fshat dhe në qytet is a dominative prepositional phrase composed of two other prepositional phrases. The sentence analysis in phrases gives a full description of the hierarchy of sentence composition. By this analysis, some syntactic constructions are differently seen due to the order of elements. In sentences such as Djalin e vogël të Skënderit, the change of the possessive article from e to të is not a direct result of using the element i vogël, but it changes due to the modification of the head word from an indefinite article (një djalë) to a definite one (djalin). Even in Albanian language the phrases should fall under the three projection of the x-bar scheme.

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