Protective Factors in Youth Suicide: A Systematic Review of Evidence from Cross Sectional Studies
Protective Factors in Youth Suicide: A Systematic Review of Evidence from Cross Sectional Studies

Summary/Abstract: Suicide is a global health problem, ranking among the top three causes of death during young and emerging adulthood. While much of the existing literature has concentrated on risk factors, there is a growing need to examine protective factors that may buffer against suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This systematic review aims to synthesize empirical findings on protective factors associated with reduced suicide risk among youth. A total of 41 peer-reviewed studies were included based on predefined inclusion criteria. The results identified five key protective factors that were consistently associated with lower levels of suicidal ideation and behavior: perceived social support, resilience, religiosity, self-esteem, and meaning/purpose in life. These findings underscore the importance of shifting toward a more balanced research and intervention agenda that incorporates protective processes. Integrating these protective factors into treatment plans and national prevention strategies could foster a reduction in suicide risk among youth. By prioritizing the cultivation of these five protective factors, prevention efforts can move beyond merely reducing risk to actively building psychological and social resources that promote life-sustaining resilience in young people. Therefore, all intervention and prevention strategies — from school-based programs to national mental health policies — urgently need to be redesigned to systematically foster these five protective factors alongside reducing risk.

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