TÜRKİYE’DE İSTİHBARAT KURUMLARININ GELİŞİMİNDEKİ TARİHSEL SÜREÇ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
AN ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORICAL PROCESS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES IN TURKİYE

Summary/Abstract: This study examines the historical development of intelligence activities in Turkiye, starting with their conceptual foundations and within the framework of institutional structures. The etymological and functional dimensions of the concept of intelligence are explained; it is demonstrated that states have resorted to intelligence activities in line with their security needs since the early periods of human history. It is seen that intelligence has been an indispensable element in the Turkish state tradition in the context of migration, war, state administration and foreign relations, and that it has been carried out under different institutional forms during the Seljuk, Ottoman and Republican periods. During the Ottoman period, intelligence activities carried out through espionage, language, merchants, envoys and various paramilitary elements acquired an institutional character with the establishment of the secret police organisation during the reign of Abdulhamid II. During the years of the National Struggle, intelligence activities were organised through structures such as the Karakol, Zabitan and Hamza groups. In the Republican era, the foundations of modern Turkish intelligence were laid with the establishment of the National Security Services, and a centralised and legal structure was created with the formation of the MIT in 1965. The development of the intelligence units of the police and gendarmerie has similarly taken shape within a framework of institutionalisation, centralisation, and legalisation. This comprehensive process clearly demonstrates that intelligence in Turkiye has developed along the axis of historical continuity and transformation.

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