Miejsce niesprawczych form przestępnego współdziałania w reżimie odpowiedzialności ekstraneusa za typ znamienny okolicznością osobistą
Non-perpetrator forms of criminal cooperation and the liability of the extraneus for offences involving personal elements

Summary/Abstract: The study aims to determine the place of 'non-perpetrator' forms of criminal cooperation in the regime of liability of an extraneus for offences characterized by personal elements. First, the author describes the initial assumptions she adopted regarding the legal construction of individual forms of criminal participation. Second, she reconstructs the content of the categories 'perpetrator-intraneus' and 'cooperator-extraneus' taking into account the content of Article 21 para. 2 of the Penal Code. Finally, the article takes the position that – contrary to the views expressed in the literature – the aforementioned provision does not play any role in assigning criminal liability for instigation, aiding and abetting. The dogmatic-legal method is the dominant research approach employed for the purposes of this study.

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