Strategie adaptacyjne przedsiębiorstw dotkniętych sankcjami – pomiędzy dostosowaniem a obejściem i unikaniem
Adjustment Strategies of Enterprises Subject to Sanctions: Between Adaptation and Circumvention or Avoidance

Summary/Abstract: The effectiveness of economic sanctions depends on their compliance by enterprises, reduced to the role of tools in the political struggle of the states. The involvement of companies in this game depends on their perception of the legitimacy and inevitability of sanctions; the impact of sanctions on their strategy and competitive position, and the possibility to apply strategies that may minimize the negative impact of sanctions on companies’ operations. The article presents a theoretical and empirical categorization of adjustment strategies of enterprises affected by sanctions, analyzes the premises for selecting specific types of these strategies and discusses the impact of respective adjustment strategies of enterprises on the political effectiveness of sanctions. The analysis is based on the findings of institutional theory, theory of rational political choice and resource dependency theory, as well as on the data collected from over 1,000 European enterprises affected by the EU or Russian sanctions/counter-sanctions imposed in 2014 and still maintained in force. The results of the research show that while administrative obstacles in the sanctioned market favor measures coinciding with the sanctioning goals, the already large involvement (in the form of investment or sales volume) on such a market leads enterprises to movements that reduce the effectiveness of sanctions. The most destructive impact – from a macroeconomic and political point of view (although beneficial for the enterprises themselves) – have strategies to circumvent the legal transfer of production to the country subject to sanctions.

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